Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of goat milk kefir with varying concentrations of Syzygium cumini extract.

Treatment	Protein (%)	Fat (%)	TEAC (mg TE/g)	pH	Viscosity (mPa·s)	Color measurements
Treatment	Protein (%)	Fat (%)	TEAC (mg TE/g)	pH	Viscosity (mPa·s)	L*	a*	b*
Control (0%)	2.54 ± 0.19^b	3.55 ± 0.46^a	0.80 ± 0.07^c	5.13 ± 0.25^a	10.90 ± 2.99^a	84.12 ± 0.35^c	–1.88 ± 0.02^d	12.47 ± 0.05^a
T1 (1%)	3.00 ± 0.15^b	3.09 ± 0.04^a	1.09 ± 0.25^b	5.13 ± 0.03^a	20.00 ± 6.71^a	83.25 ± 0.35^d	–1.52 ± 0.02^c	11.38 ± 0.49^b
T2 (1.5%)	3.42 ± 0.21^a	4.41 ± 0.06^a	1.46 ± 0.03^b	4.95 ± 0.13^a	22.23 ± 8.29^a	85.40 ± 0.71^a	–0.62 ± 0.12^b	11.70 ± 0.09^b
T3 (2%)	3.39 ± 0.33^a	4.58 ± 1.48^a	2.16 ± 0.13^a	4.84 ± 0.08^a	41.87 ± 27.10^a	83.95 ± 1.25^b	–0.45 ± 0.31^a	10.58 ± 0.40^c

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Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means within the same column followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA showed significant treatment effects for protein (F = 9.63, p = 0.0049), TEAC (F = 48.60, p < 0.001), L* (F = 4.17, p = 0.0472), a* (F = 51.63, p < 0.001), and b* (F = 17.90, p = 0.0007), but not for fat (F = 2.49, p = 0.1341), pH (F = 2.83, p = 0.1066), or viscosity (F = 2.38, p = 0.1455).

Declarations

Author contributions

ABR: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Investigation, Supervision. ML: Investigation, Validation, Writing—review & editing. LH and NJ: Investigation. AM and PPR: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in financial, personal, or other relationships with other people, laboratories, or organizations.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Funding by the Institute for Research and Community Service, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Indonesia through the Faculty of Agriculture – Associate Professor (Lektor Kepala) Research Grant No. [773/UN47.B6/PT.01.03/2025]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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