Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 1. Physicochemical and phenolic content characterization of the control muffin (CM) and enriched grape pomace muffin (M15).

Parameters	CM	M15
Energy content	296.75 ± 0.98	296.78 ± 0.87
Moisture (%)	37.02 ± 0.15	37.29 ± 0.05^*
Ash (%)	1.71 ± 0.06	1.77 ± 0.02
Lipids (%)	10.34 ± 0.43	10.60 ± 0.19
Proteins (%)	5.88 ± 0.14	5.91 ± 0.21
Total carbohydrates (%)	45.06 ± 0.33^*	44.43 ± 0.13
Dietary fiber (%)	3.39 ± 0.13	5.71 ± 0.11^*
pH	8.12 ± 0.10^*	6.76 ± 0.06
Titratable acidity (mL NaOH 0.1 N)	0.53 ± 0.23	3.53 ± 0.11^*
*Crust color*
L^*	34.60 ± 1.20^*	30.70 ± 0.80
a^*	8.80 ± 0.30^*	6.70 ± 0.20
b^*	17.70 ± 0.70^*	12.00 ± 0.70
ΔE	-	7.20 ± 0.30
*Crumb color*
L^*	31.70 ± 1.10^*	30.80 ± 0.90
a^*	8.70 ± 0.30^*	7.30 ± 0.20
b^*	21.10 ± 1.00^*	16.60 ± 0.80
ΔE	-	4.80 ± 0.30
Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g FW)	2.13 ± 0.14	3.54 ± 0.28^*
Flavonoids (mg CE/g FW)	1.43 ± 0.12	2.32 ± 0.16^*
Condensed tannins (mg CE/g FW)	0.05 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.02^*
*Antioxidant activity*
FRAP (mmol TE/g FW)	7.70 ± 0.50	14.60 ± 1.51^*
DPPH^* (mmol TE/g FW)	0.72 ± 0.04	2.32 ± 0.04^*
ABTS⁺ (mmol TE/g FW)	15.30 ± 1.16	22.30 ± 2.34^*

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Values are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent samples. CM: control muffin; M15: pomace muffin (15%). ^* Significant difference between samples (P < 0.05). GAE: gallic acid equivalent. CE: catechin equivalent. TE: trolox equivalent. FW: fresh weight. L^*: brightness. a^*: (+) red/(–) green coordinates. b^*: (+) yellow/ (–) blue coordinates. ΔE: color difference. FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power. DPPH^*: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. ABTS⁺: 2,2’azino-bis(2-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1010172_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

ÓAMB thanks the Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnología (SECIHTI) for the postdoctoral fellowship granted. The authors also thank Grupo Alximia S.A. de C.V. for their support and donation of the samples.

Author contributions

ÓAMB: Writing—original draft, Formal analysis. AAVF: Writing—original draft, Formal analysis. GAMM: Investigation. PYÁR: Investigation. JARC: Investigation. NRMR: Writing—review & editing, Conceptualization, Supervision. EAP: Writing—review & editing, Conceptualization, Supervision, Visualization. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Committee of Ethics and Bioethics of the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (CIEB-2019-1-051).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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