Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 2. Distribution of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentrations in corn and corn-growing soil samples from six major corn-producing districts in Sri Lanka (ND indicates values below the limit of detection).

Sample type	District	Location	AFB1 min ppb	AFB1 max ppb	AFB1 mean ± SD ppb	Air temperature mean ± SD (°C)	Soil pH mean ± SD
Corn	Ampara	Deegawapiya	ND	ND	ND	30.233 ± 0.115
		Keenawaththa	1.656	2.205	1.970 ± 0.100	29.866 ± 1.040
		Kotawehera	ND	ND	ND	36.066 ± 0.737
		Weeragoda	13.13	26.992	18.850 ± 4.288	32.133 ± 0.757
		Weheragama	ND	ND	ND	30.966 ± 0.321
	Anuradhapura	Kahatagasdigiliya	2.428	37.348	21.403 ± 11.619	32.900 ± 0.100
		Kekirawa	10.626	39.811	28.467 ± 5.714	32.666 ± 0.404
		Korasagalla	ND	ND	ND	33.333 ± 0.416
		Mihintale	9.719	39.000	21.997 ± 9.38	33.000 ± 0.871
		Thalawa	ND	6.517	1.560 ± 2.702	32.666 ± 0.152
	Badulla	Balagolla	ND	ND	ND	31.966 ± 0.057
		Haldummulla	ND	ND	ND	32.100 ± 0.264
		Madulsima	ND	ND	ND	31.933 ± 0.115
		Passara	ND	ND	ND	32.166 ± 0.152
		Thaldena	ND	ND	ND	31.933 ± 0.208
	Kurunegala	Diulegoda	7.895	39.000	20.385 ± 10.100	28.633 ± 1.556
		Ehetuwewa	ND	ND	ND	33.566 ± 0.351
		Giribawa	13.255	39.000	28.744 ± 13.566	33.100 ± 0.300
		Ibbagamuwa	ND	ND	ND	23.033 ± 1.556
		Mahawa batahira	ND	ND	ND	30.200 ± 0.100
	Monaragala	Hewandeniya	1.656	2.205	1.970 ± 0.100	33.500 ± 1.562
		Kandaudapanguwa	1.64	3.492	2.373 ± 0.477	32.800 ± 2.081
		Kanulwela	ND	2.255	1.373 ± 1.204	26.400 ± 0.556
		Madippalanmulla	1.839	11.141	4.334 ± 2.198	33.066 ± 2.081
		Siyambalanduwa	1.763	2.618	2.210 ± 0.266	31.800 ± 0.435
	Polonnaruwa	Aluthwewa	11.636	18.453	13.017 ± 1.808	20.933 ± 0.404
		Bakamuna	5.081	39.000	19.141 ± 17.222	19.766 ± 0.351
		Higurakgoda	3.719	39.000	25.737 ± 12.63	22.933 ± 0.550
		Iriwewa	ND	ND	ND	21.233 ± 0.321
		Jayanthipura	ND	1.571	0.262 ± 0.454	24.100 ± 0.600
Soil	Ampara	Deegawapiya	2.828	15.026	5.250 ± 1.584	30.233 ± 0.115	7.533 ± 0.990
		Keenawaththa	4.719	108.006	18.403 ± 17.858	29.866 ± 1.040	10.116 ± 0.640
		Kotawehera	ND	151.349	26.124 ± 35.897	36.066 ± 0.737	9.566 ± 0.840
		Weeragoda	3.770	18.158	8.772 ± 0.749	32.133 ± 0.757	8.883 ± 0.190
		Weheragama	1.258	10.599	3.884 ± 1.181	30.966 ± 0.321	8.250 ± 0.936
	Anuradhapura	Kahatagasdigiliya	2.699	10.650	4.628 ± 1.265	32.900 ± 0.100	6.556 ± 0.051
		Kekirawa	3.284	14.394	5.366 ± 2.443	32.666 ± 0.404	6.583 ± 0.225
		Korasagalla	ND	5.564	4.191 ± 0.675	33.333 ± 0.416	7.363 ± 0.570
		Mihintale	2.749	6.406	4.225 ± 0.788	33.000 ± 0.871	6.373 ± 0.215
		Thalawa	1.667	7.583	4.018 ± 0.481	32.666 ± 0.152	6.216 ± 0.080
	Badulla	Balagolla	ND	3.401	0.859 ± 0.504	31.966 ± 0.057	6.176 ± 0.362
		Haldummulla	ND	5.415	1.498 ± 0.864	32.100 ± 0.264	6.720 ± 0.115
		Madulsima	ND	ND	ND	31.933 ± 0.115	5.726 ± 0.140
		Passara	ND	2.745	0.460 ± 0.555	32.166 ± 0.152	7.210 ± 0.565
		Thaldena	ND	1.777	0.341 ± 0.395	31.933 ± 0.208	5.72 ± 0.020
	Kurunegala	Diulegoda	10.125	20.773	13.981 ± 2.062	28.633 ± 1.556	7.226 ± 0.110
		Ehetuwewa	ND	21.209	7.379 ± 5.656	33.566 ± 0.351	7.056 ± 0.430
		Giribawa	6.112	181.810	37.095 ± 43.693	33.100 ± 0.300	6.365 ± 0.289
		Ibbagamuwa	7.927	32.767	14.426 ± 3.914	23.033 ± 1.556	7.270 ± 0.135
		Mahawa batahira	13.670	133.606	40.168 ± 30.912	30.200 ± 0.100	6.493 ± 0.184
	Monaragala	Hewandeniya	2.366	22.974	13.158 ± 3.745	33.500 ± 1.562	5.986 ± 0.277
		Kandaudapanguwa	1.562	28.627	7.506 ± 7.179	32.800 ± 2.081	6.696 ± 0.890
		Kanulwela	1.161	6.020	3.977 ± 1.047	26.400 ± 0.556	7.543 ± 0.320
		Madippalanmulla	2.728	17.804	8.111 ± 7.567	33.066 ± 2.081	6.273 ± 0.279
		Siyambalanduwa	2.695	17.804	6.941 ± 2.535	31.800 ± 0.435	7.596 ± 0.453
	Polonnaruwa	Aluthwewa	11.487	18.142	13.563 ± 0.896	20.933 ± 0.404	6.413 ± 0.175
		Bakamuna	1.429	13.723	9.326 ± 4.178	19.766 ± 0.351	6.440 ± 0.087
		Higurakgoda	7.428	18.492	11.368 ± 0.761	22.933 ± 0.550	6.656 ± 0.297
		Iriwewa	ND	ND	ND	21.233 ± 0.321	7.290 ± 0.272
		Jayanthipura	ND	ND	ND	24.100 ± 0.600	6.483 ± 0.283

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ppb: parts per billion.

Declarations

Author contributions

IMR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Formal analysis. KMLBK: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MWARD: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. DMIPD: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. VYW: Writing—review & editing, Supervision. TCB: Funding acquisition, Supervision. HKSdZ: Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Visualization. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project, Ministry of Higher Education, Sri Lanka, funded by the Asian Development Bank (Grant number R3-RJ2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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