The authors gratefully acknowledge JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing research facilities, institutional support, and academic resources that facilitated the completion of this work.
Author contributions
DN: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. RS and BD: Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
The financial assistance is provided by the JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India (REG/DIR(R)/JSSURF/29(1)/2010-11–05/12/201) with funding received by Deepika N.P. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Ahmad M, Tahir M, Hong Z, Zia MA, Rafeeq H, Ahmad MS, et al. Plant and marine-derived natural products: sustainable pathways for future drug discovery and therapeutic development.Front Pharmacol. 2025;15:1497668. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Khan I, Akmal KF, Chong WS, Venmathi Maran BA, Shah MD. Marine biotechnology: a frontier for the discovery of nutraceuticals, energy, and its role in meeting twenty-first century food demands.In: Marine biotechnology: applications in food, drugs and energy. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. pp. 1–22.
Lall N, editor. Aquatic plants: pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2020.
Rigogliuso S, Campora S, Notarbartolo M, Ghersi G. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms: Focus on the Future Perspectives for Pharmacological, Biomedical and Regenerative Medicine Applications of Marine Collagen.Molecules. 2023;28:1152. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Siddiqui AJ, Adnan M, Saxena J, Alam MJ, Abdelgadir A, Badraoui R, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Plant- and Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Prostate Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Applications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18:286. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fleming LE, Landrigan PJ, Ashford OS, Whitman EM, Swift A, Gerwick WH, et al. Enhancing Human Health and Wellbeing through Sustainably and Equitably Unlocking a Healthy Ocean's Potential.Ann Glob Health. 2024;90:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Deepika NP, Rahman MH, Chipurupalli S, Shilpa TN, Duraiswamy B. The Emerging Role of Marine Natural Products for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2023;22:801–16. [DOI] [PubMed]
Suleria HA, Osborne S, Masci P, Gobe G. Marine-Based Nutraceuticals: An Innovative Trend in the Food and Supplement Industries.Mar Drugs. 2015;13:6336–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Senadheera TR, Hossain A, Shahidi F. Marine bioactives and their application in the food industry: a review.Appl Sci. 2023;13:12088. [DOI]
Susiana S, Rochmady R, Kurniawan D, Lestari F, Nurwisti I. Biological aspects of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) at the Beladen Estuary, Dompak, Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands.BIOTROPIA. 2024;31:54–62. [DOI]
Pati SG, Paital B, Panda F, Jena S, Sahoo DK. Impacts of habitat quality on the physiology, ecology, and economical value of mud crab Scylla sp.: a comprehensive review.Water. 2023;15:2029. [DOI]
Paul B, Faruque MH, Mandal RN, Ahsan DA. Nutritional susceptibility to morphological, chemical and microbial variability: an investigation on mud crab, Scylla serrata in Bangladesh.Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2015;2:313–9.
Majumder SC, Dey A. Studies on some ethnomedicinal crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals in relation to their usage as drugs among the tribals of Sundarban, West Bengal, India. Zoological Survey of India; 2007.
Chinlampianga M, Singh RK, Shukla AC. Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2013;12:18–30.
Deb AK, Emdad Haque C. ‘Every mother is a mini-doctor’: ethnomedicinal uses of fish, shellfish and some other aquatic animals in Bangladesh.J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134:259–67. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lavekar GS, Mangal AK, Ota S. Inventory of animal products used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 2008.
Wan Yusof WR, Badruddin Ahmad F, Swamy M. A brief review on the antioxidants and antimicrobial peptides revealed in mud crabs from the genus of Scylla.J Mar Sci. 2017;2017:1850928. [DOI]
Pednekar P, Shrangdher ST, Koli JM, Sharangdher MT, Mulye VB. Development of soup powder using Scylla serrata and its storage study.J Exp Zool India. 2020;23:1633–43.
Vijaya Bharathi T, Chakravarty MS, Ganesh P. Biochemical composition of the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) of Coringa mangroves, Andhra Pradesh, India.Int J Adv Sci Res. 2018;3:11–5.
Lilagan CA, Ablan-Lagman MC. Comparison of protein concentration among various organs of the mud crab Scylla serrata sex phenotypes. 2017.
Parvathi D, Padmavathi P. Proximate composition of mud crabs Scylla serrata and Scylla olivacea from the Coast of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2020;10:22–4.
Somaiya J, Padaya M, Maheta N, Jigneshkumar T. Study of variation in biochemical composition of muscle tissue of mud crab Scylla serrata collected from Gujarat and Maharashtra State, India.Uttar Pradesh J Zool. 2021;42:44–53.
Sarower MG, Bilkis S, Rauf MA, Khanom M, Islam MS. Comparative biochemical composition of natural and fattened mud crab Scylla serrata.J Sci Res. 2013;5:545–53. [DOI]
Islam T, Saha D, Bhowmik S, Nordin N, Islam S, Ujjaman Nur AA, et al. Nutritional properties of wild and fattening mud crab (Scylla serrata) in the south-eastern district of Bangladesh.Heliyon. 2022;8:e09696. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pa R, Jayaprakash J, Mg R. Total protein content in a marine and a freshwater crab.IJBPAS. 2014;3:243–7.
Haryati E, Dahlan K, Togibasa O, Dahlan K. Protein and minerals analyses of mangrove crab shells (Scylla serrata) from Merauke as a foundation on bio-ceramic components.J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1204:012031. [DOI]
Yu HZ, Chen SS. Identification of characteristic aroma-active compounds in steamed mangrove crab (Scylla serrata).Food Res Int. 2010;43:2081–6. [DOI]
Narudin NA, Mahadi AH, Kusrini E, Usman A. Chitin, chitosan, and submicron-sized chitosan particles prepared from Scylla serrata shells.Mater Int. 2020;2:139–49. [DOI]
Asrahwi MA, Rosman NA, Shahri NN, Santos JH, Kusrini E, Thongratkaew S, et al. Solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of chitosan from mud crab (Scylla serrata) chitin.Carbohydr Res. 2023;534:108971. [DOI]
Setiawati A, Tricahya K, Dika Octa Riswanto F, Dwiatmaka Y. Towards a sustainable chitosan-based composite scaffold derived from Scylla serrata crab chitosan for bone tissue engineering.J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2024;35:146–63. [DOI] [PubMed]
Khattak S, Wahid F, Liu LP, Jia SR, Chu LQ, Xie YY, et al. Applications of cellulose and chitin/chitosan derivatives and composites as antibacterial materials: current state and perspectives.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103:1989–2006. [DOI] [PubMed]
Singh R, Shitiz K, Singh A. Chitin and chitosan: biopolymers for wound management.Int Wound J. 2017;14:1276–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fawwaz M. Scylla serrata Forskal as natural source of glucosamine hydrochloride.J Res Pharm. 2019;23:2630–44.
Jamialahmadi K. Beneficial applications of glucosamine.In: Molecular nutrition: carbohydrates. Academic Press; 2019. pp. 319–36.
Rameshkumar G, Ravichandran S, Chandan K, Ajithkumar TT. Comparison of fatty acid profile in the edible crabs Scylla serrata and Portunus pelagicus.Glob J Environ Res. 2009;3:42–5.
Anas MU, Edirisinghe EM, Jayasinghe JM. Lipid composition and fatty acid profiles of wild caught and fattened mud crab, Scylla serrata, in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka J Aquat Sci. 2010;14. [DOI]
Hindala MR, Joshi R, Patni V. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Halophytes Under Salt Stress.In: Physiology of Halophytes. Apple Academic Press; 2025. pp. 337–72.
Song C, Sun C, Liu B, Xu P. Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms.Antioxidants. 2023;12:1223. [DOI]
Sujeetha M, Sharmila S, Jayanthi J, Ragunathan M. Antioxidant property of some extracts derived from the mud crab Scylla serrata.Int J Phytopharmacol. 2015;6:111–3.
Paital B, Sablok G, Kumar S, Singh SK, Chainy GB. Investigating the conformational structure and potential site interactions of SOD inhibitors on Ec-SOD in marine mud crab Scylla serrata: a molecular modeling approach.Interdiscip Sci. 2015;8:312–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Asthana M, Khan JM, Shanthi C. Phylogenetic Analysis of SOD Gene Isolated from Indian Variety of Mud Crabs: Scylla serrata and Scylla olivacea.Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2025;26:773–89. [DOI] [PubMed]
Karnila R, Edison, Ramadhani NR. Antioxidant activity of astaxanthin flour extract of mud crab (Scylla serrata) with different acetone concentrations.IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2021;695:012047. [DOI]
Rozirwan, Lestari NI, Winarta Y, Isnaini, Putri WAE, Hendri M, et al. Screening and Profiling of Antioxidant Activity in Mud Crab (Scylla Serrata) from Banyuasin Waters.ILMU KELAUT: Indones J Mar Sci. 2025;30:438–52. [DOI]
Paital B, Chainy GB. Seasonal variability of antioxidant biomarkers in mud crabs (Scylla serrata).Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013;87:33–41. [DOI]
Sogen SG, Nawastuti D, Batafor YMJ. Antioxidant activity of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) in the Kawaliwu waters of Sinar Hading Village, Lewolema District.Glob Educ J. 2025;3:297–302. [DOI]
Pati SG, Paital B, Sahoo DK. Allantoin and tissue specific redox regulation in mud crab Scylla serrata under varied natural water physico-chemical parameters.Water. 2024;16:480. [DOI]
Mohamed M, Mohd Sani NI, Ismail A, Mokhtar NF. Cytotoxicity and anti-cancer effect of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) soup on human leukemic Jurkat cells.Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4:192–5.
Narayanasamy K, Reshma BP, Ragunathan R. Biogenic Synthesis Of Chitosan Silver Nanocomposites Using Mud Crab (Scylla Serrata) And Its Anti-Microbial And Anti-Cancer Studies.J Adv Zool. 2024;45. [DOI]
Abedian Z, Moghadamnia AA, Zabihi E, Pourbagher R, Ghasemi M, Nouri HR, et al. Anticancer properties of chitosan against osteosarcoma, breast cancer, and cervical cancer cell lines.Caspian J Intern Med. 2019;10:439–46. [DOI]
Durairaj KR, Saravanan K, Mohan K, Ravichandran S. Purification, characterization and biological functions of metalloprotein isolated from haemolymph of mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775).Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:3901–8. [DOI]
Jeyachandran S, Vibhute P. Lectins: Versatile proteins in plant life with diverse applications in immunomodulation, antibacterial defense, and disease-fighting.J Carbohydr Chem. 2024;43:243–88. [DOI]
Sivaraman K. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Properties of Lectins.In: Lectins. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2022. pp. 27–50. [DOI]
Pramanik J, Chatterjee U, Mondal G, Campana PT, Chatterjee BP. Tn/T specific agglutinin from estuarine crab Scylla serrata with potent mitogenic activity on mouse splenocytes and antiproliferative effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell.Glycobiol Insights. 2010;2:83–99. [DOI]
Fajriaty I, Fidrianny I, Kurniati NF, Fauzi NM, Mustafa SH, Adnyana IK. In vitro and in silico studies of the potential cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects of chitin from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells.Saudi J Biol Sci. 2024;31:103964. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Saberi NS, Bahari M, Abu MN, Mastuki MF. Evaluation of Scylla serrata protein extract on hematological parameters in male Wistar Rats.J Eng Appl Sci. 2016;11:2136–40. [DOI]
Veeruraj A, Ravichandran S, Ramesh Kumar G. Antibacterial activity of crab haemolymph on clinical pathogens.Trends Appl Sci Res. 2008;3:174–81. [DOI]
Yedery RD, Reddy KV. Purification and characterization of antibacterial proteins from granular hemocytes of Indian mud crab, Scylla serrata.Acta Biochim Pol. 2009;56:71–82. [PubMed]
Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P. Antibacterial activity of crab shell extracts against human pathogenic bacteria and usage of new drugs.J Dev Drugs. 2013;2:1000110. [DOI]
Divya M, Vaseeharan B, Anjugam M, Iswarya A, Karthikeyan S, Velusamy P, et al. Phenoloxidase activation, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties of β-glucan binding protein from Scylla serrata crab hemolymph.Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;114:864–73. [DOI]
Huang WS, Wang KJ, Yang M, Cai JJ, Li SJ, Wang GZ. Purification and part characterization of a novel antibacterial protein Scygonadin, isolated from the seminal plasma of mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775).J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2006;339:37–42. [DOI]
Afsal VV, Antony SP, Sathyan N, Philip R. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of two antimicrobial peptides: anti-lipopolysaccharide factor and crustin from the brown mud crab, Scylla serrata.Results Immunol. 2011;1:6–10. [DOI]
Meiyalagan V, Arumugam M. Detection and preliminary characterization of antibacterial protein(s) in the serum of mud crab, Scylla serrata.Invertebr Surviv J. 2015;12:287–95.
Alagiri A, Parthiban J, Ashok A, Velayutham M. Extraction, characterization and antibacterial activity of chitosan from mud crab Scylla serrata.UTTAR PRADESH J OF ZOOL. 2025;46:140–54. [DOI]
Velayutham M, Munusamy A. Humoral immune responses of antibacterial hemocyanin (Ab-Hcy) in mud crab, Scylla serrata.Aquaculture. 2016;464:428–33. [DOI]
Anju A, Smitha CK, Preetha K, Boobal R, Rosamma P. Molecular characterization, recombinant expression and bioactivity profile of an antimicrobial peptide, Ss-Arasin from the Indian mud crab, Scylla serrata.Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019;88:352–8. [DOI]
Neelima S, Anju MV, Anooja VV, Athira PP, Archana K, Musthafa SM, et al. Characterisation of a novel crustin isoform from mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) and its functional analysis in silico.In Silico Pharmacol. 2023;11:2. [DOI]
Deepika NP, Krishnamurthy PT, Varshini MS, Naik MR, Sajini DV, Kiran AVR, et al. Ethnopharmacological validation of Karkataka Taila-An edible crab Rasayana in rotenone-induced in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease.J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;335:118691. [DOI] [PubMed]
Deepika NP, Baragur S, Naik MR, Kalakotla S, Muhasina KM, Ghosh P, et al. Preparation of Karkataka Taila, an edible crab Rasayana, and assessment of its toxicological effects on SH-SY5Y cell line and on Drosophila melanogaster embryos.Pharmacogn J. 2022;14:423–31. [DOI]
Williams ES, Priya VL, Karim LR. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in edible tissue of crab (Scylla serrata) from an estuarine Ramsar site in Kerala, South India.Watershed Ecol Environ. 2022;4:59–65. [DOI]
Valsan G, Tamrakar A, Warrier AK. Microplastics in Scylla serrata: a baseline study from Southwest India.Mar Pollut Bull. 2024;200:116109. [DOI]
Ar NI, Rosmilah M, My ZH, Noormalin A, Faizal B, Shahnaz M. Identification of major and minor allergens of mud crab (Scylla serrata).Med Health. 2015;10.
Shen Y, Cao MJ, Cai QF, Su WJ, Yu HL, Ruan WW, et al. Purification, cloning, expression and immunological analysis of Scylla serrata arginine kinase, the crab allergen.J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:1326–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Nugroho Susanto G. Crustacea: The increasing economic importance of crustaceans to humans.In: Arthropods - Are They Beneficial for Mankind? IntechOpen; 2021. [DOI]
