From:  Functional foods and nutraceuticals in metabolic and non-communicable diseases: an integrative review

 Classification and mechanisms of action of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Bioactive compoundTypology/examplesMain mechanisms of actionReferences
PolyphenolsFlavonoids (quercetin, catechins, anthocyanins); stilbenes (resveratrol); phenolic acids; lignansAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via free radical scavenging and metal chelation; modulation of NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 signaling pathways; activation of SIRT1 and AMPK; improvement of mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis[21–24]
Carotenoidsβ-Carotene; lycopene; lutein; zeaxanthinAntioxidant activity through singlet oxygen quenching; regulation of gene expression related to lipid metabolism and cell proliferation; protection of retina and macula from oxidative and phototoxic damage[25–27]
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)Regulation of lipid metabolism and reduction of plasma triglycerides; anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids; activation of PPARs and modulation of NF-κB; formation of pro-resolving mediators (resolvins, protectins)[28–30]
Dietary fibers and prebioticsInulin; β-glucans; resistant starchFermentation to short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate); modulation of gut microbiota composition; enhancement of gut barrier integrity; regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation via HDAC inhibition and Treg activation[31–33]
Phytosterols and stanolsβ-Sitosterol; campesterol; stigmasterolCompetition with cholesterol for micellar incorporation, reducing intestinal absorption; lowering plasma LDL cholesterol levels (up to 10%)[34]
Bioactive peptidesDerived from milk, soy, fish, or cerealsInhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); stimulation of insulin secretion; modulation of glucose transporters; antioxidant and antihypertensive effects[35]
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