Analytical methods, detected compounds, concentration found, and LOD of the employed methodology in the reviewed studies on APs determination in water samples.
AMV: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. DGM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. Both authors have read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available on request.
Funding
This work has been supported by the Conselleria d’Educació, Universitats i Ocupació from Generalitat Valenciana project CIAICO2022/217. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Ye L, Guo J, Ge RS. Environmental pollutants and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.Vitam Horm. 2014;94:349–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lo Nostro FL, da Costa DF, Nóbrega R, Da Cuña R. EDCs: Focus on Male Fish Reproductive Alterations. In: Carbevali O, Hardiman G, editors. Environmental Contaminants and Endocrine Health. Academic Press; 2023. pp. 269–81. [DOI]
Knez J. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health.Reprod Biomed Online. 2013;26:440–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Darbre PD. What Are Endocrine Disrupters and Where Are They Found?In: Endocrine Disruption and Human Health (Second Edition). London: Academic Press; 2022. pp. 3–29. [DOI]
Darbre PD. Endocrine Disrupters in Air.In: Endocrine Disruption and Human Health (Second Edition). London: Academic Press; 2022. pp. 445–61. [DOI]
Yin H, Zhou T, Guo Z, Liu X, Zhao J. Simultaneous determination of C4-C9 alkylphenols and bisphenol A in environmental water at the Yellow River Estuary Area in China by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Research Square 195989/v1 [Preprint]. 2021 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. [DOI]
Ferrara F, Funari E, Felip ED, Donati G, Traina ME, Mantovani A. Alkylphenols: assessment of risks for aquatic ecosystems and for human health with particular reference to endocrine effects.Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2001;37:615–25. Italian. [PubMed]
Nacaratte F, Valdivia A, Copaja SV. Comparison of adsorption capacity of 4-Nonylphenol on conventional and biodegradable microplastics aged under natural water.J Contam Hydrol. 2025;269:104486. [DOI] [PubMed]
Doria GM, Peñuela GA, Valencia-Uribe GC. 4-Nonilfenol: efectos, cuantificación y métodos de remoción en aguas superficiales y potables.Rev Investig Agrar Ambient. 2019;11:117–32. [DOI]
Snoussi A, Gallart-Mateu D, Pardo O, Ben Sghaier R, Bououdina M, Esteve Turrillas FA, et al. Sustainable Magnetic Solid-Phase Microextraction of Alkylphenols in Environmental Waters Using a Novel Polymeric Magnetic Hawthorn Nanocomposite.Microchem. J. 2025;213:113906. [DOI]
Zhang J, Liu L, Ning X, Lin M, Lai X. Isomer-specific analysis of nonylphenol and their transformation products in environment: A review.Sci Total Environ. 2023;901:165982. [DOI] [PubMed]
Guenther K, Heinke V, Thiele B, Kleist E, Prast H, Raecker T. Endocrine disrupting nonylphenols are ubiquitous in food.Environ Sci Technol. 2002;36:1676–80. [DOI] [PubMed]
Real Decreto 3/2023, de 10 de enero, por el que se establecen los criterios técnico sanitarios de la calidad del agua de consumo, su control y suministro [internet].[cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/01/10/3/con
Majewska M, Krosowiak K, Raj A, Migielski K. Solid Phase Extraction in Food Analysis.Sci Bull Lodz Univ Technol: Food Technol Chem. 2008;72:5–13.
Feng C. Feng C. Solid-phase Extraction as Sample Preparation for Bioassay-based Micropollutant Quantification [dissertation]. London (ON): The University of Western Ontario; 2014.
Jia W, Liu H, Ma Y, Huang G, Liu Y, Zhao B, et al. Reproducibility in nontarget screening (NTS) of environmental emerging contaminants: Assessing different HLB SPE cartridges and instruments.Sci Total Environ. 2024;912:168971. [DOI] [PubMed]
Millership JS, Hare LG, Farry M, Collier PS, McElnay JC, Shields MD, et al. The use of hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) copolymer SPE cartridges for the extraction of diclofenac from small volume paediatric plasma samples.J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2001;25:871–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Aborkhees G, Raina-Fulton R, Thirunavokkarasu O. Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water and Wastewater Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Molecules. 2020;25:3906. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Teixeira LCGM, Chaves JRd, Mendonça N, Sanson AL, Alves MCP, Afonso RJCF, et al. Occurrence and removal of drugs and endocrine disruptors in the Bolonha Water Treatment Plant in Belém/PA (Brazil).Environ Monit Assess. 2021;193:246. [DOI] [PubMed]
Turiel E, Martín Esteban A. Molecularly imprinted polymers. In: Poole CF, editor. Handbooks in Separation Science, Solid-Phase Extraction. Elsevier; 2020. pp. 215–33. [DOI]
Garza-Cadena C, Ortega-Rivera DM, Machorro-García G, Gonzalez-Zermeño EM, Homma-Dueñas D, Plata-Gryl M, et al. A comprehensive review on Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a potential source of nutraceuticals for food formulations: Towards the polishing of gingerol and other present biomolecules.Food Chem. 2023;413:135629. [DOI] [PubMed]
Barbarin N, Henion JD, Wu Y. Comparison between liquid chromatography-UV detection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the characterization of impurities and/or degradants present in trimethoprim tablets.J Chromatogr A. 2002;970:141–54. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rigo Bonnin R, Canalias Reverter F, Esteve Poblador S, Gella Tomás FJ, de la Presa BG, López Martínez RM. Desarrollo de procedimientos de medida basados en la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución.Rev Lab Clínico. 2018;11:137–46. [DOI]
Patnaik P. Dean’s Analytical Chemistry Handbook (2nd ed. ) McGraw-Hill: New York; 2004.
Parkinson DR. Analytical Derivatization Techniques.In: Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation. Academic Press; 2012. pp. 559–95. [DOI]
Zhang S, Wang H, Zhu MJ. A Sensitive GC/MS Detection Method for Analyzing Microbial Metabolites Short Chain Fatty Acids in Fecal and Serum Samples.Talanta. 2019;196;249–54. [DOI]
Schummer C, Delhomme O, Appenzeller BM, Wennig R, Millet M. Comparison of MTBSTFA and BSTFA in derivatization reactions of polar compounds prior to GC/MS analysis.Talanta. 2009;77:1473–82. [DOI] [PubMed]
Vargas Mena E, Herrera Giraldo ER, Gómez Castaño JA. Insights into the Silylation of Benzodiazepines Using N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA): In Search of Optimal Conditions for Forensic Analysis by GC-MS.Molecules. 2024;29:5884. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sta Ana KM, Galera KC, Espino MP. Contamination of Bisphenol A, Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Estrone in Major Rivers of Mega Manila, Philippines.Environ Toxicol Chem. 2024;43:259–66. [DOI] [PubMed]
López-Velázquez K, Guzmán-Mar JL, Saldarriaga-Noreña HA, Murillo-Tovar MA, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Villanueva-Rodríguez M. Occurrence and seasonal distribution of five selected endocrine-disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Mexico: The role of water quality parameters.Environ Pollut. 2021;269:116223. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ronderos-Lara JG, Saldarriaga-Noreña H, Murillo-Tovar MA, Vergara-Sánchez J. Optimization and Application of a GC-MS Method for the Determination of Endocrine Disruptor Compounds in Natural Water.Separations. 2018;5:33. [DOI]
Azzouz A, Ballesteros E. Trace analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in environmental water samples by use of solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection.J Chromatogr A. 2014;1360:248–57. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yin H, Sun T, Zhou T, Liu X, Pan Y, Wang Y, Liu D. Simultaneous Determination of Nine APs and BPA in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC–MS Analysis.Chin J Anal Chem. 2023;51:100258. [DOI]
Kali SE, Österlund H, Viklander M, Blecken G. Occurrence, Concentration and Distribution of 50 Organic Contaminants in Water and Bottom Sediment from Urban Streams Affected by Stormwater Discharges.Water Res. 2025;283:123847. [DOI]
Pasek M, Poliwoda A, Wieczorek PP. Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Surface Waters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction.Desalination Water Treat. 2021;242:56–63. [DOI]
Wu Y, Chen C, Zhou Q, Li QX, Yuan Y, Tong Y, et al. Polyamidoamine dendrimer decorated nanoparticles as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of tetrabromobisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol from environmental water samples.J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019;539:361–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pernica M, Poloucká P, Seifertová M, Šimek Z. Determination of alkylphenols in water samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride.J Chromatogr A. 2015;1417:49–56. [DOI] [PubMed]
Baute-Pérez D, Santana-Mayor A, Herrera-Herrera AV, Socas-Rodríguez B, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Analysis of alkylphenols, bisphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in microbial-fermented functional beverages and bottled water: Optimization of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction protocol based on natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents.Food Chem. 2022;377:131921. [DOI]
Toyo’oka, T, Oshige Y. Determination of Alkylphenols in Mineral Water Contained in PET Bottles by Liquid Chromatography with Coulometric Detection.Anal Sci. 2000;16:1071–6. [DOI]
Salgueiro-González N, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Membrane assisted solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of alkylphenols in water samples.J Chromatogr A. 2013;1281:46–53. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mohammadipour M, Karimi S, Ebrahimpour K, Gholipour S, Mohammadi F. Occurrence, migration kinetics, and health risks of alkylphenols in colored and colorless bottled water.Food Chem Toxicol. 2025;204:115685. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tong NX, Hoa NK, Tram NTT, Khang LTP. Water Quality Index, Heavy Metals, and Endocrine Disruptors in the Saigon River Basin: Pollution Assessment and Correlation Analysis.Environ Qual Manag. 2025;34:e70063. [DOI]
Zahid BM, Nurulnadia MY. Occurrence, partitioning behavior, and ecological risk assessment of octylphenol and nonylphenol in surface waters and sediments of Terengganu Rivers, Malaysia.Environ Monit Assess. 2025;197:546. [DOI] [PubMed]
