Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 3. Characterization of biscuit samples prepared with extracts from Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) leaves and Pelargonium × hortorum (geranium) red flowers at different temperatures (130 and 160°C).

Sample type		WL (%)	M (%)	a_w	sf	V (cm³)	T4 (cm)	σ (kN m^–2)	ε	Y (kN m^–2)
130°C	Control	28.2	6.4 ± 1.6^a	0.31 ± 0.00^d	4.7^c	11.6 ± 0.2^ab	3.35^a	11.8 ± 4.9	1.30 ± 0.41^a	4.1 ± 1.7^c
	10% LE	27.8	5.8 ± 0.0^ab	0.33 ± 0.00^c	4.5^c	13.2 ± 1.4^a	3.48^a	10.5 ± 5.0	1.34 ± 0.46^a	4.9 ± 1.9^c
	30% LE	28.8	4.7 ± 0.7^bc	0.28 ± 0.00^e	5.3^bc	10.4 ± 1.2^bc	3.70^a	18.7 ± 6.5	1.21 ± 0.18^a	7.7 ± 2.7^c
	10% GE	30.1	5.6 ± 0.3^b	0.30 ± 0.00^d	6.1^ab	7.7 ± 1.1^d	3.74^a	25.3 ± 9.9	0.80 ± 0.19^b	15.3 ± 4.3^bc
	30% GE	30.6	4.6 ± 0.1^bc	0.26 ± 0.01^f	6.2^ab	7.9 ± 0.9^cd	2.86^b	15.7 ± 2.3	0.71 ± 0.29^b	11.5 ± 5.6^bc
160°C	Control	21.4	2.8 ± 0.0^d	0.16 ± 0.00^h	6.2^ab	8.7 ± 0.7^cd	2.70^b	19.2 ± 5.7	0.76 ± 0.08^b	26.5 ± 5.5^abc
	10% LE	20.3	3.6 ± 0.3^cd	0.21 ± 0.00^g	6.0^ab	9.6 ± 2.3^c	2.90^b	15.9 ± 5.2	0.90 ± 0.27^ab	18.9 ± 7.7^bc
	30% LE	24.3	3.0 ± 0.1^d	0.17 ± 0.00^h	6.8^a	7.5 ± 1.1^d	2.65^b	21.7 ± 6.2	0.70 ± 0.19^b	38.8 ± 21.2^a
	10% GE	24.4	6.9 ± 0.7^a	0.54 ± 0.00^a	5.2^bc	9.0 ± 0.6^cd	2.82^b	17.2 ± 9.4	0.97 ± 0.35^ab	17.9 ± 3.2^bc
	30% GE	30.1	7.1 ± 1.1^a	0.51 ± 0.00^a	6.2^ab	8.2 ± 1.5^cd	2.48^b	23.3 ± 14.2	0.98 ± 0.46^ab	33.0 ± 34.4^ab
LSD_0.05		P >	1.5	0.01	1.1	1.8	0.43	P >	0.45	19.2

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Values in the column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). P > indicates that no significant difference was found according to ANOVA. References: WL: weight loss during baking (%); M: moisture (%); a_w: water activity; sf: spread factor; V: volume (cm³); T4: the height of four biscuits that are stacked on top of each other. Texture parameters calculated from the three-point-bending test: σ: fracture stress (kN m^–2); ε: fracture strain (dimensionless); Y: Young’s modulus (kN m^–2). No significant differences were found in the fracture stress (σ) of all biscuits (P > 0.05). GE: geranium extract; LE: lemon verbena extract.

Declarations

Author contributions

PAC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. ADC: Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. MP: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

We thank CONICET, UNLP, and MIN-CYT for the financial support. M. Patrignani and A.D. Carboni are members of the CYTED IBERO-CIRCULAR Network, project no.323RT0142. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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