Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 2. Characterization of dough samples with extracts from Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) leaves and Pelargonium × hortorum (geranium) red flowers.

Sample type	pH	M	F (N)	C (N·s)	A (N·s)	Co	E
Control	6.54 ± 0.08^a	31.4 ± 0.3^b	1.1 ± 0.1^a	2.2 ± 0.2^a	0.6 ± 0.3^a	0.6 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.2
10% LE	6.55 ± 0.06^a	30.6 ± 0.3^c	1.0 ± 0.2^a	2.1 ± 0.3^a	0.6 ± 0.2^a	0.6 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1
30% LE	6.55 ± 0.03^a	31.2 ± 0.0^b	0.8 ± 0.1^b	1.6 ± 0.2^b	0.6 ± 0.1^a	0.6 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.1
10% GE	6.37 ± 0.04^b	32.1 ± 0.1^a	0.5 ± 0.1^c	1.0 ± 0.2^c	0.4 ± 0.1^b	0.6 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0
30% GE	6.35 ± 0.03^b	31.6 ± 0.1^b	0.5 ± 0.1^c	1.1 ± 0.2^c	0.4 ± 0.1^b	0.60 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.0
LSD_0.05	0.07	0.4	0.1	0.3	0.1	P >	P >

Return to article view

Values in the column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). P > indicates that no significant difference was found according to ANOVA. References: pH; M: moisture (%); dough texture from the TPA assay: F: firmness (N); C: consistency (N·s); A: adhesiveness (N·s); Co: cohesiveness (-); E: elasticity (-); (-): dimensionless. GE: geranium extract; LE: lemon verbena extract; TPA: texture profile analysis.

Declarations

Author contributions

PAC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. ADC: Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. MP: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

We thank CONICET, UNLP, and MIN-CYT for the financial support. M. Patrignani and A.D. Carboni are members of the CYTED IBERO-CIRCULAR Network, project no.323RT0142. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

García-Sánchez A, Miranda-Díaz AG, Cardona-Muñoz EG. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Physiopathology and Pharmacological Treatment with Pro- and Antioxidant Properties in Chronic Diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2082145. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Jiang S, Liu H, Li C. Dietary Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Foods. 2021;10:1854. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Goubgou M, Songré-Ouattara LT, Bationo F, Lingani-Sawadogo H, Traoré Y, Savadogo A. Biscuits: a systematic review and meta-analysis of improving the nutritional quality and health benefits. Food Prod Process Nutr. 2021;3:26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Momayezhaghighi M, Lante A. Natural antioxidants recovered from food by-products as inhibitors of lipid oxidation. Croat j food sci technol. 2025;17:142–65. [DOI]

Sipra HM, Ali A, Syed QA, Irfan M, Hassan SA. Harnessing the health perks of underrated spices in bakery products- A review. Food Chem Adv. 2024;5:100790. [DOI]

Peduruhewa PS, Jayathunge KGLR, Liyanage R. Potential of Underutilized Wild Edible Plants as the Food for the Future – A Review. JFS. 2021;9:136–47. [DOI]

Copetta A, Marchioni I, Ruffoni B. The edible flowers from woody ornamental plants. In: IV International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone. ISHS; 2021. pp. 195–204. [DOI]

Kramberger K, Pražnikar ZJ, Arbeiter AB, Petelin A, Bandelj D, Kenig S. A Comparative Study of the Antioxidative Effects of Helichrysum italicum and Helichrysum arenarium Infusions. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10:380. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD. Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications. Molecules. 2019;24:4132. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Palmieri S, Pellegrini M, Ricci A, Compagnone D, Lo Sterzo C. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thyme, Hemp and Coriander Extracts: A Comparison Study of Maceration, Soxhlet, UAE and RSLDE Techniques. Foods. 2020;9:1221. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Uriburu FMC, Zampini IC, Maldonado LM, Mattson MG, Salvatori D, Isla MI. Powdered Beverage from Native Plants from Argentina (Zuccagnia punctata and Solanum betaceum) Obtained by Spray-Drying: A Promising Source of Antioxidant Compounds. Plants (Basel). 2023;12:1646. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Gastaldi B, Marino G, Assef Y, Sofrás FMS, Catalán CAN, González SB. Nutraceutical Properties of Herbal Infusions from Six Native Plants of Argentine Patagonia. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2018;73:180–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

14.

Conforti PA, Patrignani M. Antioxidant activity from non-conventional beverage plant sources in Argentina. Beverage Plant Res. 2025;5:e006. [DOI]

15.

Blerot B, Baudino S, Prunier C, Demarne F, Toulemonde B, Caissard J. Botany, agronomy and biotechnology of Pelargonium used for essential oil production. Phytochem Rev. 2015;15:935–60. [DOI]

16.

Siddikov DR, Ganiev AA, Bobakulov K, Khidoyatova S, Nishanbaev SZ. Phenolic Compounds from the Aerial Part of Pelargonium hortorum. Chem Nat Compd. 2023;59:954–6. [DOI]

17.

Bala R, Kaur R, Kaur B, Kaur P. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6:5165–93. [DOI]

18.

Laganà G, Barreca D, Smeriglio A, Germanò MP, D’Angelo V, Calderaro A, et al. Evaluation of Anthocyanin Profile, Antioxidant, Cytoprotective, and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Callistemon citrinus Flowers. Plants (Basel). 2020;9:1045. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Fortunato RH, Nores MJ. “Cow’s Hoof” (Bauhinia L., Leguminosae): A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Austral South American Species. Plants (Basel). 2022;12:31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Cechinel-Zanchett CC, de Andrade SF, Cechinel-Filho V. Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects of Bauhinia forficata: A Mini-Review Covering the Last Five Years. Nat Prod Commun. 2018;13:911–6. [DOI]

21.

Athanasiadis V, Chatzimitakos T, Makrygiannis I, Kalompatsios D, Bozinou E, Lalas SI. Antioxidant-Rich Extracts from Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora L.) Leaves through Response Surface Methodology. Oxygen. 2024;4:1–19. [DOI]

22.

Di Leo Lira P. Caracterización fitoquímica del cedrón (Aloysia citrodora Paláu, Verbenáceas) en Argentina para su normalización. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires; 2016.

23.

Attard E. A rapid microtitre plate Folin-Ciocalteu method for the assessment of polyphenols. Open Life Sci. 2013;8:48–53. [DOI]

24.

Patrignani M, Rinaldi GJ, Lupano CE. In vivo effects of Maillard reaction products derived from biscuits. Food Chem. 2016;196:204–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Baltsavias A, Jurgens A, van Vliet T. Factors affecting fracture properties of short-dough biscuits. J Texture Stud. 1997;28:205–19. [DOI]

26.

Benvenuti S, Mazzoncini M. The Biodiversity of Edible Flowers: Discovering New Tastes and New Health Benefits. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:569499. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Zia-Ul-Haq M, Dewanjee S, Riaz M. Historical and Introductory Aspects of Carotenoids. In: Carotenoids: Structure and Function in the Human Body. Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2021. [DOI]

28.

Chen G, Chen S, Xie Y, Chen F, Zhao Y, Luo C, et al. Total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of 23 edible flowers subjected to in vitro digestion. J Funct Foods. 2015;17:243–59. [DOI]

29.

Masutti MF, Patrignani M, Conforti PA. Development and characterization of cracker fillings with natural antioxidants. J Food Meas Charact. 2019;14:446–54. [DOI]

30.

Mokrzycki WS, Tatol M. Colour difference ΔE: A survey. Mach Graph Vis. 2011;20:383–411.

31.

Tavera-Quiroz MJ, Urriza M, Pinotti A, Bertola N. Baked snack from green apples formulated with the addition of isomalt. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2015;62:1004–10. [DOI]

32.

Zhang Y, Hong T, Yu W, Yang N, Jin Z, Xu X. Structural, thermal and rheological properties of gluten dough: Comparative changes by dextran, weak acidification and their combination. Food Chem. 2020;330:127154. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Jiménez-Morales WA, del Pilar Cañizares-Macias M. Fast FRAP-SIA method to determine antioxidant capacity. Talanta. 2024;273:125813. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Blanch GP, del Castillo MLR. Effect of Baking Temperature on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Black Corn (Zea mays L.) Bread. Foods. 2021;10:1202. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Žilić S, Kocadağlı T, Vančetović J, Gökmen V. Effects of baking conditions and dough formulations on phenolic compound stability, antioxidant capacity and color of cookies made from anthocyanin-rich corn flour. LWT. 2016;65:597–603. [DOI]

36.

Celi D, Jimenes-Vargas K, Machado A, Álvarez-Suárez JM, Tejera E. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Pelargonium sp.: A Review with In Silico Insights into Potential Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism. Molecules. 2025;30:3198. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Abdel Bar FM, Alossaimi MA, Elekhnawy E, Alzeer MAA, Kamer AA, Moglad E, et al. Anti-Quorum Sensing and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Pelargonium × hortorum Root Extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Combinatorial Effect of Catechin and Gallic Acid. Molecules. 2022;27:7841. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Venter A, Fisher H, Stafford GI, Duodu KG. Pigmented flower extracts of plant species from the Geraniaceae and Lamiaceae families as natural food colourants: Anthocyanin composition, thermal and oxidative stability. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2022;57:4347–55. [DOI]

39.

Petrova I, Petkova N, Ivanov I, Todorova M. Phytonutrients and antioxidant activity of extracts from five edible flowers used in culinary. Bull Univ Agric Sci Vet Med Cluj Napoca Food Sci Technol. 2020;77:26–33. [DOI]

40.

Carrera-Quintanar L, Funes L, Viudes E, Tur J, Micol V, Roche E, et al. Antioxidant effect of lemon verbena extracts in lymphocytes of university students performing aerobic training program. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22:454–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

41.

Bilia AR, Giomi M, Innocenti M, Gallori S, Vincieri FF. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis of the constituents of aqueous preparations of verbena and lemon verbena and evaluation of the antioxidant activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;46:463–70. [DOI] [PubMed]

42.

Alipieva K, Korkina L, Orhan IE, Georgiev MI. Verbascoside—a review of its occurrence, (bio)synthesis and pharmacological significance. Biotechnol Adv. 2014;32:1065–76. [DOI] [PubMed]