Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Means followed by different superscript letters indicate significant differences between the groups in the same row (p < 0.05). Repeated superscript letters indicate that the means were not significantly different (p > 0.05). CFU: colony-forming unit.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This study involved voluntary participation in minimal-risk sensory and consumer acceptance tests with adult volunteers. All participants were informed of the study objectives and procedures and provided written consent prior to participation, and no personal, medical, or sensitive data were collected. In accordance with the institutional research ethics policy and applicable national regulations, formal ethics committee approval was not required for this non-invasive food sensory research; an exemption from ethics review was documented. Where a human ethics committee or formal documentation process was unavailable, the study nonetheless adhered to recognized ethical principles, including no coercion to participate, full disclosure of requirements and any foreseeable risks, written or verbal consent, protection of privacy with no release of individual data without participants’ knowledge, and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Funding
This research was funded by the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Research Grant (Grant No. GUG0633-2/2023 and DN22104). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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