Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent replicates. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test was used to determine significant differences among samples (p < 0.05). Means with different superscript letters in the same columns indicate statistically significant differences. F0—control, F1—25% FOS, F2—50% FOS, F3—75% FOS, F4—100% FOS. ANOVA: analysis of variance; HSD: honestly significant difference; FOS: fructo-oligosaccharides.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, especially the laboratory assistants, for their excellent assistance in making this research a success. The authors are grateful for the sponsorship of ingredients by DKSH Performance Materials Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. in this research.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The sensory evaluation involved adult human participants and was conducted in accordance with standard ethical principles for minimal-risk sensory studies. Formal ethical approval was exempted according to the Faculty Ethics Review Committee (FERC), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) as the study was conducted during the COVID-19 period when institutional ethics committee review was not mandatory for this type of sensory evaluation.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participation in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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