From:  Exploring betacyanins: characteristics, extractions, bioavailability, and bioactive potentials

 Green extraction methods for betacyanin extraction.

Methods
Ultrasound-assisted extraction
SourceSolventTemperature (°C)Time duration (min); ultrasound frequency (kHz/W)Solid:liquid ratio (g/mL)Betacyanin contentReferences
Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C.Weber) Britton & RoseMethanol in water10–602–30; 200/240.1:10–0.3:100.84–1.31 mg/g dw[73]
Hylocereus polyrhizusn.d.30–702–32; n.d.n.d.134.87–154.86 mg/L[75]
Beta vulgaris L.Water30–6030–60; 2525–75 mg/mL3.36–4.48 mg/g[76]
Microwave-assisted extraction
SourceSolventPower (W)Time; cycles (s)Solid:liquid ratio (g/mL)Betacyanin contentReferences
Beta vulgaris L.Ethanol360–9002–6 s; 140–420 s1:20130 mg/L[78]
Amaranthus tricolourWater200–7005–15 min; 0.5–1 s1:8071.95 mg/g dw[79]
Beta vulgaris L.Water100–80030–50 s; n.d.0.1–0.2 w/v115.89 mg/100 g fw[80]
Supercritical fluid extraction
SourceSolventTemperature (°C); pressure (psi/MPa)Time (min)Solid:liquid ratio (g/mL)Betacyanin contentReferences
Beta vulgaris L.n.d.45–85; 10–60 and 200–5005–10n.d.10–23%[82]
Hylocereus polyrhizusEthanol in water50; 25901:1028.44–120.28 mg/100 mL[83]
Hylocereus polyrhizusEthanol in water40–60; 20–30901:1025.49 mg/100 mL[84]
Enzyme-assisted extraction
SourceSolventEnzyme (%)Temperature (°C); time (min)Solid:liquid ratio (g/mL)Betacyanin contentReferences
Beta vulgaris ssp.Acetate bufferCL: 37, PG and PL: 28, and XL: 3525–45; 20–3001:156.03–12.15 mg/L/U[85]
Hylocereus polyrhizusWaterAA: 0.25–2.7520–50; 5–301:100.21–0.30 mg/g[86]
Beta vulgaris ssp.WaterAN: 0.130–70; 30–180n.d.135.23–154.42 mg/L[75]

CL: cellulase; PG: polygalacturonase; PL: pectin-liasic; XL: xylanase; AA: Aspergillus aculeatus; AN: Aspergillus niger; n.d.: not described.