Plant sources and their betacyanin concentration.
| Plant source (scientific name) | Plant part/variety | Betacyanin concentration | Units | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) | ‘Monorubra’ cultivar (hypocotyl extract) | 9.699 | mg/100 mL | Skalicky et al. [19] |
| Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) | ‘Libero’ cultivar (hypocotyl extract) | 8.42 | mg/100 mL | Skalicky et al. [19] |
| Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) | Red beetroot (total betalains) | 650–800 | µg/g fw | Koss-Mikołajczyk et al. [35] |
| Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) | Red beetroot | 218.80 | mg/100 g | Sokolova et al. [36] |
| Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) | Purple fruit peel extract | 77.47 | mg/g of source | Sigwela et al. [37] |
| Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) | Leaf (amaranth) | 5.07 | mg/g of source | Sigwela et al. [37] |
| Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) | Peel extract | 36.67 | mg/100 g | Halimfanezi and Asra [38] |
| Melocactus (Melocactus amoenus) | Fruit extract | ~0.08 | mg/g | Sutor and Wybraniec [25] |
fw: fresh weight.
The authors would like to thank Mr. James Wong Yung Khai and Mr. Luther Ku for their assistance in drawing some of the diagrams in this manuscript. English grammar was improved using the Grammarly application and proofread by Dr. Elvin M. Walemba.
ODJ: Supervision, Project administration, Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. WGS: Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. APGdS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SAT: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation. CYB: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation. RN: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation. EMW: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation. ATM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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