RCP: raw coffee parchment; MCP: medium coffee parchment; FCP: fine coffee parchment. Values are mean ± SD from three replicates. Values in a column with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) at 5% level of significance using Duncan’s multiple-range test. Repeated superscript letters indicate that the means were not significantly different (p > 0.05). SD: standard deviation.
Declarations
Author contributions
BZZ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. EYM: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. MN: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. EBN: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. JEGM: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
No human participants or animals were involved in this study. All cultivation practices complied with institutional and national guidelines for environmental sustainability and agro-industrial waste management.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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