The authors thank all the participants in this study.
Author contributions
SHN: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. MM: Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—original draft. ZK: Project administration, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. KD: Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation. NS: Investigation, Data curation. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval for this study (Ethical Committee IR.SUMS.REC.1403.391) was provided by the Ethical Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and this study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 version).
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants (for patients under 18 years of age, consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians).
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data of this manuscript could be available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
Funding
The Shiraz University of Medical Science [Grant no: 31802] financially supported this study. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Tariq F. Allergic Conjunctivitis: Review of Current Types, Treatments, and Trends.Life (Basel). 2024;14:650. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dupuis P, Prokopich CL, Hynes A, Kim H. A contemporary look at allergic conjunctivitis.Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020;16:5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Baab S, Le PH, Gurnani B, Kinzer EE. Allergic Conjunctivitis.In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [PubMed]
Wong AH, Barg SS, Leung AK. Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis.Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2009;3:118–27. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pelikan Z. Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis: the possible role of nasal allergy.Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;37:448–57. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kaur K, Gurnani B. Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [PubMed]
Chen JJ, Applebaum DS, Sun GS, Pflugfelder SC. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: A review.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:569–75. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kenny SE, Tye CB, Johnson DA, Kheirkhah A. Giant papillary conjunctivitis: A review.Ocul Surf. 2020;18:396–402. [DOI] [PubMed]
Heinzerling L, Mari A, Bergmann KC, Bresciani M, Burbach G, Darsow U, et al. The skin prick test - European standards.Clin Transl Allergy. 2013;3:3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Moghtaderi M, Rajaei H, Yazdanpanah P. Survey of airborne pollen in Shiraz, Iran during 2012.Pak J Bot. 2018;50:785–90.
Moghtaderi M, Hejrati Z, Kolahi N, Heidari B. Sensitization to aeroallergens in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis in Shiraz, Southwestern Iran.Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;29:79–83. [DOI]
Moghtaderi M, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Farjadian S. Sensitization to common allergens among patients with allergies in major Iranian cities: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017007. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, Nurmatov U, van Schayck CP. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010:CD001563. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Do DC, Zhao Y, Gao P. Cockroach allergen exposure and risk of asthma.Allergy. 2016;71:463–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kwong K, Robinson M, Sullivan A, Letovsky S, Liu AH, Valcour A. Fungal allergen sensitization: Prevalence, risk factors, and geographic variation in the United States.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152:1658–68. [DOI] [PubMed]
Treadwell S, Green M, Gowda G, Levetin E, Carlson JC. Fungal Sensitization and Human Allergic Disease.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2024;24:281–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Galvão CES, Graudenz GS, Kalil J, Castro FFM. Sensitization to cat allergen and its association with respiratory allergies: cross-sectional study.Sao Paulo Med J. 2017;135:488–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bielory L, Delgado L, Katelaris CH, Leonardi A, Rosario N, Vichyanoud P. ICON: Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124:118–34. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bonini S, Bonini S. IgE and non-IgE mechanisms in ocular allergy.Ann Allergy. 1993;71:296–9. [PubMed]
Masrur A, Adnan M, Khan FA, Tayyab A. Association of Severity of Allergic Conjunctivitis with Skin Prick Test.J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020;30:1166–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Almaliotis D, Michailopoulos P, Gioulekas D, Giouleka P, Papakosta D, Siempis T, et al. Allergic conjunctivitis and the most common allergens in Northern Greece.World Allergy Organ J. 2013;6:12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Portelli MA, Hodge E, Sayers I. Genetic risk factors for the development of allergic disease identified by genome-wide association.Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:21–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]