Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 1. Difference between T2-high and T2-low asthma

Feature	T2-high asthma	T2-low (non-eosinophilic) asthma
Type of inflammation	Eosinophilic (allergic/Th2-driven)	Neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic (non-allergic, Th1/Th17-driven)
Mechanism	Allergen exposure→activation of dendritic cells→Th2 differentiation→IL-4/5/13 release	Airway epithelial stress (pollutants/infections)→Th1/Th17 activation→IL-17, IL-8 release
Key cytokines	IL-4, IL-5, IL-13	IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α
Common triggers	Allergens, dust mites, pet dander, pollen	Viral infections, cigarette smoke, air pollution, obesity
Steroid response	Good; responsive to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)	Poor; often steroid-resistant
Biologic therapy	Effective (e.g., anti-IL-5, anti-IgE, anti-IL-4R)	Generally ineffective; under investigation
FeNO levels	Elevated	Normal or low
Sputum eosinophils	High (> 3%)	Low (< 2–3%) or absent
Typical patients	Younger, allergic, atopic individuals	Older adults, smokers, obese patients
Airway remodeling	Present; often reversible with treatment	More severe and persistent

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Th2: T-helper type 2; IL: interleukin; FeNO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide

Declarations

Author contributions

NM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. MB: Data curation, Validation, Writing—review and editing. HIM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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