Summary of disease control, spirometry, airway inflammation and treatment at the time of transition and during the follow-up at the Adult Center
Disease control, instrumental data and treatment
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Baseline
Follow-up
Baseline
Follow-up
Baseline
Follow-up
Baseline
Follow-up
C-ACT
25
25
22
25
22
23
22
24
Asthma attacks*
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
FEV1 (% pred)
68
59
88
89
98
112
75
81
FVC (% pred)
90
80
101
96
106
113
97
95
FEV1/FVC (%)
66
62.9
84
81
82
87
77
73
FEF25-75 (% pred)
40
34
68
78
87
112
57
52
FeNO (ppb)
40
20
53
60
17
18
55
42
Treatment
Flu/Sal + LTRA + OMA
Bud/Form + LTRA +DUPI
Bud/Form + LTRA +MEPO
Bud/Form + LTRA +MEPO
Bud/Form + MEPO
Bud/Form + MEPO
Bud/Form + OMA
Bud/Form + DUPI
* Cumulative number of asthma attacks during the years after transition. C-ACT: childhood asthma control test; FEV1: forced expiratory volume during the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEF25–75: forced mid-expiratory flow; FeNO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide; Flu/Sal: fluticasone propionate/salmeterol; LTRA: Leukotriene receptor antagonist; OMA: omalizumab; Bud/Form: budesonide/formoterol; DUPI: dupilumab; MEPO: mepolizumab
Declarations
Author contributions
A Dorato: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. RB: Methodology, Resources, Writing—review & editing. MB: Data curation, Writing—original draft. AdP: Data curation, Supervision. CF: Data curation, Resources. AC: Data curation. FS and A Detoraki: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the regulatory content of the Institutional Review Board of the “Federico II” Medical School, ethical review and approval were not required, as case series are considered exempt from Institutional Review Board oversight.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.
Availability of data and materials
The data of this manuscript could be available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
NCD Countdown 2030 collaborators. NCD Countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4.Lancet. 2018;392:1072–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dharmage SC, Perret JL, Custovic A. Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults.Front Pediatr. 2019;7:246. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Song P, Adeloye D, Salim H, Dos Santos JP, Campbell H, Sheikh A, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of asthma in 2019: a systematic analysis and modelling study.J Glob Health. 2022;12:04052. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vajro P, Fischler B, Burra P, Debray D, Dezsofi A, Guercio Nuzio S, et al. The Health Care Transition of Youth With Liver Disease Into the Adult Health System: Position Paper From ESPGHAN and EASL.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66:976–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
White PH, Cooley WC; Transitions Clinical Report Authoring Group; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Physicians. Supporting the Health Care Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood in the Medical Home.Pediatrics. 2018;142:e20182587.Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2019;143:e20183610. [DOI] [PubMed]
Koefoed HJL, Vonk JM, Koppelman GH. Predicting the course of asthma from childhood until early adulthood.Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;22:115–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Global Initiative for Asthma [Internet].Global Initiative for Asthma – GINA; c2025 [cited 2025 Jan 28]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/
Fleming L, Murray C, Bansal AT, Hashimoto S, Bisgaard H, Bush A, et al.; U-BIOPRED Study Group. The burden of severe asthma in childhood and adolescence: results from the paediatric U-BIOPRED cohorts.Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1322–33.Erratum in: Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1550780. [DOI] [PubMed]
Vidal A. Update on the diagnosis of severe asthma in children and adolescents.Explor Asthma Allergy. 2025;3:100965. [DOI]
Manti S, Magri P, De Silvestri A, De Filippo M, Votto M, Marseglia GL, et al. Epidemiology of severe asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33:240095. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pijnenburg MW, Fleming L. Advances in understanding and reducing the burden of severe asthma in children.Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:1032–44. [DOI] [PubMed]
Withers AL, Green R. Transition for Adolescents and Young Adults With Asthma.Front Pediatr. 2019;7:301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nanzer AM, Lawton A, D’Ancona G, Gupta A. Transitioning Asthma Care From Adolescents to Adults: Severe Asthma Series.Chest. 2021;160:1192–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Withers AL. Management issues for adolescents with cystic fibrosis.Pulm Med. 2012;2012:134132. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Taddeo D, Egedy M, Frappier JY. Adherence to treatment in adolescents.Paediatr Child Health. 2008;13:19–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Canonica GW, Blasi F, Carpagnano GE, Guida G, Heffler E, Paggiaro P, et al. Severe Asthma Network Italy Definition of Clinical Remission in Severe Asthma: A Delphi Consensus.J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11:3629–37. [DOI] [PubMed]
Maglione M, Borrelli M, Dorato A, Cimbalo C, Del Giudice LA, Santamaria F. Mepolizumab in Severe Pediatric Asthma: Certainties and Doubts through a Single-Center Experience and Review of the Literature.Children (Basel). 2024;11:895. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wagenmann M, Bachert C, Hopkins C, Corbett M, Msihid J, Nash S, et al. Dupilumab improved objective and patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and complete nasal obstruction.Explor Asthma Allergy. 2024;2:363–72. [DOI]
Mazur A, Dembinski L, Schrier L, Hadjipanayis A, Michaud PA. European Academy of Paediatric consensus statement on successful transition from paediatric to adult care for adolescents with chronic conditions.Acta Paediatr. 2017;106:1354–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Valverde-Molina J, Fernández-Nieto M, Torres-Borrego J, Lozano Blasco J, de Mir-Messa I, Blanco-Aparicio M, et al. Transition of Adolescents With Severe Asthma From Pediatric to Adult Care in Spain: The STAR Consensus.J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2023;33:179–89. [DOI] [PubMed]
