Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 1. Mean concentrations of indoor air pollutants in private hospitals.

Points	PM_2.5 (µg/m³)		PM₁₀ (µg/m³)		HCHO (µg/m³)		TVOC (µg/m³)
Points	M	A	M	A	M	A	M	A
EM	15.0 ± 0.4^a	12.7 ± 0.5^a	26.4 ± 0.7^b	23.6 ± 0.7^a	141.7 ± 13.3^b	14.3 ± 1.5^a	2,364.3 ± 488.6^a	1,361.4 ± 438.7^a
AT	14.1 ± 0.5^a	56.3 ± 24.1^b	26.3 ± 0.5^b	74.0 ± 27.7^b	105.4 ± 31.0^a	47.6 ± 13.7^a	1,798.3 ± 442.4^a	1,516.6 ± 448.7^a
PE	13.3 ± 0.7^a	12.3 ± 0.6^a	24.0 ± 1.2^ab	23.6 ± 1.2^a	10.0 ± 2.0^a	10.8 ± 1.5^a	3,004.8 ± 453.4^a	2,263.6 ± 412.1^a
RE	14.1 ± 0.7^a	13.0 ± 0.5^a	23.4 ± 0.8^a	22.9 ± 0.8^a	113.1 ± 38.1^a	59.1 ± 17.9^a	1,937.8 ± 417.4^a	1,594.7 ± 445.0^a
CP	15.3 ± 0.6^a	12.3 ± 0.5^a	23.9 ± 0.8^ab	21.8 ± 0.7^a	15.6 ± 5.3^a	61.7 ± 20.4^a	2,015.1 ± 379.4^a	1,132.5 ± 299.7^a
CO	15.0 ± 0.7^a	12.8 ± 0.5^a	25.6 ± 0.8^ab	23.5 ± 0.8^a	65.9 ± 10.5^a	56.0 ± 15.2^a	1,857.4 ± 352.8^a	1,880.6 ± 185.0^a
LB	14.2 ± 0.6^a	13.5 ± 0.5^a	26.1 ± 1.0^b	27.2 ± 1.3^a	125.1 ± 18.3^c	105.2 ± 6.9^b	2,005.8 ± 299.7^a	954.3 ± 126.3^a
WHO Std	15		45		100		300

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Mean ± standard error (X ± SE). M: morning session; A: afternoon session; EM: emergency wards; AT: antenatal wards; PE: pediatric wards; RE: reception areas; CP: car parks; CO: outpatient departments; LB: central laboratories. Means followed by different superscript letters within the same column are significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1009129_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the medical director and staff of the participating health care facilities used for this study for their cooperation. We also appreciate the final-year students from the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, for their technical support during the field monitoring, spatio-temporal data collection, and questionnaire administration phases.

Author contributions

AFE: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HOO: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Validation. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (Protocol Number: ADM/E22/A/VOL.VII/1486549125536), and complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.

Availability of data and materials

The data of this manuscript could be available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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