Characteristics of the main studies on biopsychosocial risk factors.
| First author [reference] | Participants (n/age range) | Main findings |
|---|---|---|
| Ciprandi et al. [26] | 87 AA between 12 and 18 years old | Low scores were found on the resilience scale: 61 in controlled AA, 62 in partially controlled AA, and 60 in uncontrolled AA (p = 0.97). |
| Castiblanco et al. [27] | 197 rural adolescents between 12 and 17 years old | AA suffering anxiety had a slightly more than double the risk of being hospitalized in an intensive care unit (OR = 2.09), and an increase of one point on the anxiety scale increased the risk of hospitalization in intensive care for asthma symptoms by 5%. |
| Nabors et al. [28] | 20,723 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old | Those with asthma and comorbid anxiety had a higher risk of having low family resilience scores (aOR 1.7 vs. 1.09) and worse health status (aOR 19.6 vs. 3.14) than those with asthma alone. |
| Licari et al. [29] | 87 AA between 12 and 18 years old | Compared to the controlled AA, the uncontrolled AA had a significantly higher percentage of elevated anxiety index (p = 0.043) and a higher depression score (p = 0.013). |
| Patel et al. [30] | 197 AA between 13 and 19 years old | Depressive symptoms as measured by scales were significantly associated with poor asthma control as measured by ACT (p = 0.001). |
| Naveen et al. [31] | 102 AA | AA have a higher risk of depression as their adherence to treatment worsened: intermediate adherence (aOR = 7.09, p = 0 0.01), poor adherence (aOR = 9, p = 0.01). |
| Kosse et al. [32] | 243 AA between 12 and 18 years old | The quality of life reported in AA had a good correlation with identity (r = –0.66; p < 0.001), with concern about the disease (r = –0.64; p < 0.001), and emotional representation (r = 0.63; p < 0.001). |
| Workman et al. [33] | 1,812 AA between 12 and 17 years old | AA and allergies, behavioral problems, BMI > 85, or moderate to severe asthma had a higher risk of making and maintaining friendships than those without these conditions (OR = 4.71, 4.65, 1.4, and 1.19, respectively). Adolescents whose parents had problems coping with parenting or were exposed to stress were also at greater risk of making and maintaining friendships (OR = 5.72 and 3.6, respectively). |
| Fruchter et al. [34] | 296 AA and their parents between 10 and 17 years old | AAs and their parents who reported ADHD symptoms had a greater underperception of asthma symptoms (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively), as well as maladaptive beliefs regarding asthma (p < 0.001 for both). |
| Silverstein et al. [35] | 302 AA between 10 and 17 years old | AA, who had more ADHD symptoms, showed worse adherence to control medication and indirectly had more emergency room visits (p = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively) |
| Estanislau et al. [36] | Data from 59,442 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old | The prevalence of asthma was higher in adolescents with short nighttime sleep (< 7 hours), common mental disorders, and excess weight (p = 0.03, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.03, respectively). |
| Evans et al. [37] | 33 with uncontrolled AA between 12 and 15 years old and their caregivers | 42% of AA and caregivers reported nighttime symptoms that caused awakenings. Asthma sufferers reported that sleep disturbances are a barrier to asthma self-management. 27% of caregivers reported distress due to their children’s nighttime asthma symptoms. |
| Azzi et al. [38] | 202 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old | Living in a rural area, smoking water pipes, somatic complaints, and behavioral problems were associated with asthma control problems in adolescents (p = 0.018, 0.017, 0.005, and 0.038, respectively). |
| Dut et al. [39] | 204 adolescents between 12 and 21 years old and their parents | Parental depression and somatization were associated with psychiatric problems in adolescents (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Parental anxiety, negative parental self-esteem, and parental somatization were associated with somatization in adolescents (p = 0.04, 0.03, and 0.003, respectively). |
AA: adolescents with asthma; ACT: asthma control test; ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; r: correlation coefficient.