Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the carpenters in Parakou, Benin, who participated in this study.
Author contributions
ME: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. IMC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft. APW: Validation, Writing—review & editing. GA: Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval
The protocol was submitted to the Local Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research at the University of Parakou, which granted prior approval (REF: 776/2024/CLERB-UP/P/SP/R/SA). Authorizations were obtained from the Borgou Departmental Health Directorate and the Parakou Town Hall. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The anonymity and confidentiality of collected data were strictly maintained.
Consent to publication
Informed consent to publication was obtained from all participants.
Availability of data and materials
Data are kept confidential by the first author and can be made available upon reasonable request.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026.
