Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 5. Temporal trends in pollination of the Urticaceae family in regions where Parietaria dominates.

Reference (publication date)	Region (number of sites)	Study period	Methodology	Trend identification technique	PIn (grains per cubic meter of air per decade and significance)	PSS (days per decade and significance)	PSD (days per decade and significance)
[20] (2010)	NW Italy (1)	1981–2007	Hirst-type	Linear regression	+ (*)	– (30.7)	+ (31.5)
[36] (2016)	Spain (12)	1994–2013	Hirst-type	Linear regression	– at 8 sites out of 12
[51] (2024)	NE Italy (20)	2001–2022	Hirst-type	Theil-Sen estimator	No trend	– (4.7)	+ (10)
[57] (2020)	N & Central Italy (9)	2000–2016	Hirst-type	Non-parametric Mann-Kendall test	No trend	–	No trend
[59] (2021)	Georgia, USA (1)	1992–2018	Rotorod	Linear regression	No trend	– (2)	+ (1)
[74] (2025)	Iberian Peninsula (12)	1994–2023	Hirst-type	Linear regression		– (4.2)
[81] (2007)	Thessaloniki (1)	1987–2005	Hirst-type	Linear regression	+ (~100)	No trend	No trend
[82] (2024)	Rome (1)	1997–2016	Hirst-type	Reduced major axis linear regression	+ (**)
[83] (2002)	Central Italy (1)	1982–2001	Hirst-type	Linear regression		– (8.0; *)	+ (10.0; *)
[90] (2024)	N Italy (1)	1989–2018	Hirst-type	Linear regression + Mann-Kendall test		– (*)
[91] (2016)	S Spain (1)	1996–2010	Hirst-type	Linear regression + local regression method (LOESS)	– (41,500; ***)
[93] (2023)	Andalusia (1)	1998–2020	Hirst-type	Linear regression + Mann-Kendall test + Sen’s slope estimation	+ (304; *)	– (13.3; *)
[94] (2018)	S Spain (1)	1994–2016	Hirst-type	Z coefficient estimation + Mann-Kendall test	– (~225; ns)	– (ns)	– (ns)
[96] (2025)	SW Spain (1)	1993–2022	Hirst-type	Linear regression + Mann-Kendall test + Theil-Sen estimator	– (*)	No trend	No trend
[100] (2011)	NW Italy (1)	1981–2010	Hirst-type	Linear regression	+ (**)	– (***)	+ (***)
[121] (2000)	NW Italy (1)	1981–1997	Hirst-type	Linear regression	+ (*)
[125] (2009)	Spain (2)	1991–2006	Hirst-type	Linear regression	– (ns in Malaga, *** in Vigo)	+ (ns in Malaga, 30, * in Vigo)	– (* in Malaga, in Vigo)

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+: trend towards increased pollen concentration (PIn), earlier onset of pollination (PSS), or longer pollen season (PSD); –: trend towards decreased pollen concentration (PIn), later onset of pollination (PSS), or shorter pollen season (PSD); *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. PIn: pollen integral; PSS: pollen season start date; PSD: pollen season duration; NW: northwest; NE: northeast; N: north; S: south; LOESS: locally estimated scatterplot smoothing; ns: non-significant; SW: southwest.

Declarations

Author contributions

JPB: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LM: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Laurent Mascarell, who is the Editorial Board Member and Guest Editor of Exploration of Asthma & Allergy, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. LM is also an employee of Stallergenes Greer. The other author declares no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

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Consent to publication

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Availability of data and materials

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Funding

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