Exploration of Drug Science

Table 2. Most important Bunium species and its traditional pharmacological uses

Species	Distributed countries	Traditional uses	Phytochemicals	References
Bunium persicum	Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Türkiye	Spice for flavoring; digestive aid; antimicrobial; diuretic; used in colds, respiratory ailments, and indigestion	Carvone, limonene, thymol	[23]
Bunium bulbocastanum	Europe (Spain, France, Italy), North Africa	Tuber consumed as a food source; anti-inflammatory; antispasmodic; analgesic; detoxifying agent	Coumarins, flavonoids, terpenes	[24]
Bunium incrassatum	Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia	Tubers consumed as food; used in traditional medicine for diuretic and detoxification properties	Essential oils, phenolic compounds	[25]
Bunium elegans	Türkiye, Eastern Mediterranean	Carminative; antimicrobial; spice in local cuisines; used for skin infections and inflammation	Terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols	[26]
Bunium alpinum	Alpine regions of Europe	Tubers as food; used for gastrointestinal issues and rheumatic pain relief	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins	[27]
Bunium paucifolium	India, Pakistan, Central Asia	Spice for flavoring; used for digestive disorders and respiratory health	Essential oils, polyacetylenes, monoterpenes	[28]
Bunium mauritanicum	North Africa (Morocco, Algeria)	Tuberous roots consumed; believed to boost energy; used for urinary tract health	Alkaloids, phenolics, tannins	[29]

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Declarations

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank our institution and colleagues for their support and guidance during the preparation of this review. Additionally, we acknowledge the authors of the studies referenced in this paper for their valuable contributions to the field.

Author contributions

PB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. SP, SB, SS, and PD: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. MB: Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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