MF: molecular formula; MW: molecular weight; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Declarations
Author contributions
KOF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision. OEE: Investigation, Methodology, Data curation. SAO: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. AUN: Investigation, Methodology, Data curation. SAA: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EAO: Investigation, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. BOM: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. GA: Investigation, Supervision. MOB: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. SOF: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was performed according to the ethical clearance of the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (HREC NO: IPHOAU/12/1772).
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Bilal M, Ashraf S, Zhao X. Dietary Component-Induced Inflammation and Its Amelioration by Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics.Front Nutr. 2022;9:931458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Harvanová G, Duranková S. Inflammatory process: Factors inducing inflammation, forms and manifestations of inflammation, immunological significance of the inflammatory reaction.Alergol Pol. 2025;12:54–61. [DOI]
Gusev E, Zhuravleva Y. Inflammation: A New Look at an Old Problem.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4596. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Schilrreff P, Alexiev U. Chronic Inflammation in Non-Healing Skin Wounds and Promising Natural Bioactive Compounds Treatment.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4928. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Matar DY, Ng B, Darwish O, Wu M, Orgill DP, Panayi AC. Skin Inflammation with a Focus on Wound Healing.Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2023;12:269–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chopra D, Shukla S, Rana P, Kamar MD, Gaur P, Bala M, et al. Overview of inflammation. In: Tripathi A, Dwivedi A, Gupta S, Poojan S, editors. Inflammation Resolution and Chronic Diseases. Springer, Singapore; 2024. pp. 1–18. [DOI]
Al Aloula AS, Alazmiy BS, Hamran AI, Alqahtani MH, Alanazi FA, Alsady MM, et al. Acute Inflammatory Response: The Chemistry, Molecular Signals and Regulatory Networks.Egypt J Chem. 2025.
Kapellos TS, Bonaguro L, Gemünd I, Reusch N, Saglam A, Hinkley ER, et al. Human Monocyte Subsets and Phenotypes in Major Chronic Inflammatory Diseases.Front Immunol. 2019;10:2035. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Austermann J, Roth J, Barczyk-Kahlert K. The Good and the Bad: Monocytes’ and Macrophages’ Diverse Functions in Inflammation.Cells. 2022;11:1979. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lauritano D, Mastrangelo F, D’Ovidio C, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, et al. Activation of mast cells by neuropeptides: the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.IJMS. 2023;24:4811. [DOI]
Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:263. [DOI]
Meizlish ML, Franklin RA, Zhou X, Medzhitov R. Tissue homeostasis and inflammation.Annu Rev Immunol. 2021;39:557–81. [DOI]
Ali NA, Ahmed AM, Hadi HM. The Biochemical and Immunological Landscape of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis.CAJMNS. 2025;6:523–39. [DOI]
Ghasemian A, Eslami M, Hasanvand F, Bozorgi H, Al-Abodi HR. Eucalyptus camaldulensis properties for use in the eradication of infections.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;65:234–7. [DOI]
Mustafa M, Asif R, Wahhab Z, Mustafa I, Ahmad H, Umbreen S, et al. Holistic healing: the modern role of essential oils in therapeutic and aromatherapy practices. In: Zafar MA, Abbas RZ, Imran M, Tahir S, Qamar W, editors. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Essential oils. Unique Scientific Publishers, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2024. pp. 13–23. [DOI]
Adesida SA, Oguntimehin SA, Famuyiwa FG, Faloye KO, Ogundele SB, Bello OI, et al. Larvicidal and antiplasmodial studies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) Leaf.Adv Trad Med. 2024;24:1169–79. [DOI]
Ekhuemelo DO, Onuche MU, Tembe ET. Crude Extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh) Leaves and Bark on Anogeissus leiocarpus (Dc) Guill & Perr and Daniellia oliveri Rolfe, Hutch Wood in Control of Termite (Isoptera: Termitidae).Int J Sci Eng Invest. 2017;6:66.
Syukri DM, Singh S. Medicinal and Nutritional Importance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Human Health. In: Ansari MA, Shoaib S, Islam N, editors. Medicinal Plants and their Bioactive Compounds in Human Health: Volume 1. Springer, Singapore; 2024. pp. 185–99. [DOI]
Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, Svircev E, Petrovic A, Mimica-Dukic N. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;178:125–36. [DOI]
Mondal M, Quispe C, Sarkar C, Bepari TC, Alam MJ, Saha S, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf: in vivo and in silico studies.Nat Prod Commun. 2021;16:1934578X211007634. [DOI]
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, Machado MI, Matos FJ. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus.J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89:277–83. [DOI]
Liapi C, Anifantis G, Chinou I, Kourounakis AP, Theodosopoulos S, Galanopoulou P. Antinociceptive properties of 1, 8-cineole and β-pinene, from the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves, in rodents.Planta Med. 2007;73:1247–54. [DOI]
Singab AN, Ayoub N, Al-Sayed E, Martiskainen O, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K. Phenolic constituents of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, with potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.Rec Nat Prod. 2011;5:271–80.
Barboucha G, Rahim N, Boulebd H, Bramki A, Andolfi A, Salvatore MM, et al. Chemical composition, in silico investigations and evaluation of antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal and repellent activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. leaf essential oil from ALGERIA.Plants. 2024;13:3229. [DOI]
Aleksic Sabo V, Knezevic P. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review.Ind Crops Prod. 2019;132:413–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mahmoud Dogara A, Ahmed Al-Zahrani A, W Bradosty S, W Hamad S, Hussein Bapir S, K Anwar T. Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, antimicrobial activities chemical composition and in silico analysis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh.AIMS Biophys. 2024;11:255–80.
Cheng SS, Huang CG, Chen YJ, Yu JJ, Chen WJ, Chang ST. Chemical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two eucalyptus species.Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:452–6. [DOI]
Ghareeb MA, Habib MR, Mossalem HS, Abdel-Aziz MS. Phytochemical analysis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extracts and testing its antimicrobial and schistosomicidal activities.Bull Natl Res Cent. 2018;42:16. [DOI]
Anigboro AA, Avwioroko OJ, Cholu CO. Phytochemical Constituents, Antimalarial Efficacy, and Protective Effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Aqueous Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice.Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2020;25:58–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Olajubutu OG, Ogunremi BI, Adewole AH, Awotuya OI, Fakola EG, Anyim G, et al. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Petiveria alliacea, chemical profiling and computational investigation of phytoconstituents identified from its active fraction.Chem Afr. 2022;5:557–65. [DOI]
Akinloye OA, Alagbe OA, Ugbaja RN, Omotainse SO. Evaluation of the modulatory effects of Piper guineense leaves and seeds on egg albumin-induced inflammation in experimental rat models.J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;255:112762. [DOI]
Enechi OC, Okeke ES, Awoh OE, Okoye CO, Odo CK. Inhibition of phospholipase A2, platelet aggregation and egg albumin induced rat paw oedema as anti-inflammatory effect of Peltophorun pterocarpus stem-bark.Clin Phytosci. 2021;7:75. [DOI]
Lozano-Ojalvo D, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Regulation of exacerbated immune responses in human peripheral blood cells by hydrolysed egg white proteins.PLoS One. 2016;11:e0151813. [DOI]
Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Abdullah R, Zamri-Saad M, Taufiq-Yap YH, Hezmee MN. The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review.Vet World. 2018;11:627–35. [DOI]
Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Lima JL, Fernandes E. Proinflammatory pathways: the modulation by flavonoids.Med Res Rev. 2015;35:877–936. [DOI]
Musa DA, Obadaki HO, Agaba RJ, Agobie U, Bamigbaiye GO, Nwodo OF. Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-Hexane Stem Bark Extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh).Nig J Biochem Mol Bio. 2022;31:53–64.
Aparna V, Dileep KV, Mandal PK, Karthe P, Sadasivan C, Haridas M. Anti-inflammatory property of n-hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment.Chem Biol Drug Des. 2012;80:434–9. [DOI]
Purushothaman R, Vishnuram G, Ramanathan T. Anti-inflammatory efficacy of n-Hexadecanoic acid from a mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo.PRENAP. 2025;7:100203. [DOI]
de Christo Scherer MM, Marques FM, Figueira MM, Peisino MCO, Schmitt EFP, Kondratyuk TP, et al. Wound healing activity of terpinolene and α-phellandrene by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro.J Tissue Viab. 2019;28:94–9. [DOI]
Siqueira HDS, Neto BS, Sousa DP, Gomes BS, da Silva FV, Cunha FVM, et al. α-Phellandrene, a cyclic monoterpene, attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation.Life Sci. 2016;160:27–33. [DOI]
Paniagua-Pérez R, Flores-Mondragón G, Reyes-Legorreta C, Herrera-López B, Cervantes-Hernández I, Madrigal-Santillán O, et al. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory capacity of beta-sitosterol in rodent assays.Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016;14:123–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
