Exploration of Drug Science

Table 2. Some materials are used for the encapsulation of probiotics.

Component	Advantage	Disadvantage	Probiotic	Therapeutic effect of strain(s)	Reference
Proteins
Milk proteins (whey protein and/or casein)	Acid-stable; pepsin-resistant; bile salt-resistant; enzyme-activated controlled release in intestine; exceptional film-forming properties	Potential allergen	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium longum 1941, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus	Preventing diarrhoea, primary rotavirus infection, and atopic dermatitis	[40–42]
Plant proteins [zein (corn protein) and/or soy protein]	Enhanced protection due to forming a hydrophobic shell; pH and thermal stability	Might aggregate and compromise stability	Bacillus subtilis 168	Increasing abundance of beneficial gut bacteria	[43, 44]
Gelatin	Improved antioxidant property; mucoadhesion can potentially enhance probiotic delivery	Denatures at high temperatures	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Bifidobacterium bifidum Lactobacillus acidophilus Bacillus coagulans Saccharomyces boulardii	Gut disease prevention, such as IBS, IBD, diarrhea prevention. Improving immune modulation, such as allergy, inflammation. Vaginal or urinary tract infection improved by Lactobacillus strain	[45]
Albumin (egg white protein)	Gelling and cross-linking ability; specific site-targeting properties	Potential allergen; pH sensitive	Lactobacillus acidophilus TISTR 1338	Preventing diarrhoea, treating Helicobacter pylori, improving respiratory tract infections, lowering serum cholesterol levels and improving the host’s lactose tolerance levels	[46, 47]
Silk fibroin	Resistant to gastric acid and bile acid; resistant to enzymatic action; improved adhesion to IECs	Can be brittle	Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium KCTC 13115BP (EF-3), Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC 14471BP (ST-27), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis KCTC 13116BP (BL-5), Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 13114BP (BB-1), Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC 13117BP (LA-7)	Reducing diarrhea, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, reducing blood cholesterol, and improving liver cirrhosis and obesity	[48, 49]
Polysaccharides
Alginate	High encapsulation efficiency; significant increase in the survival rate of probiotics; cost-effective	Reduced probiotic protection at low pH	Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, Saccharomyces boulardii, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus licheniformis, fruit-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB)	Preventing and treating diarrheal diseases (acute infantile diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, nosocomial infection); preventing systemic infection; managing IBD; immunomodulation; prevention and treatment of allergies; anticancer effects, treating high cholesterol, and relieving lactose intolerance	[50]
Chitosan	The only commercially available water-soluble cationic polymer, quick biodegradation	Reported to have some antimicrobial and antifungal actions; therefore can be used as the shell but not the capsule during encapsulation strategies	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp.	Boosting host immunity; improving growth of targeted microorganisms; eliminating harmful bacteria	[51]
Pectin	Itself a prebiotic, meaning it can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the gut, further supporting their growth and activity; resistant to enzymatic digestion in the stomach and small intestine	Might modify probiotics’ metabolism	Lactobacillus plantarum	Protection against intestinal epithelial barrier disruption	[52, 53]
Carrageenan	Improved probiotic survival in acidic conditions	No significant resistance to bile salts	Lactobacillus plantarum	Enhancing gut health by securing a good number of probiotic bacteria in the GI tract in highly acidic conditions	[54]
Gellan and/or xanthan gum	Excellent gelling and malleability properties; biocompatible and biodegradable; heat and acid-stable	May be unstable in physiological conditions	Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans in the oral cavity	[55, 56]
Cellulose	Cheap; can be used to make pH-responsive capsules when complexed with other materials	It can lead to structural defects when used in complexes	Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.	Treatment of severe skin infections and chronic wounds	[57]
Starch and/or dextran	Acid-resistant	Can be unstable under thermal stress; can form irregular aggregates	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Enhancing probiotic stability and viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions	[58]
Pullulan	Itself a potential prebiotic; increased probiotic viability after acid and bile exposure	Can be expensive	Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-B 4495	Preventing and treating gastrointestinal infections and diarrhoea; stimulating immune responses that promote the effects of vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms	[59, 60]
Lipids
Plant oils (olive, sunflower, soybean, corn)	Improved survival in gastric and pancreatic juices	May interfere with probiotic survivability	Candida adriatica, Candida diddensiae, Nakazawaea molendini-olei, Nakazawaea wickerhamii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Yamadazyma terventina	Synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which provide health benefits	[61]
Dioleoylphosphatidic acid and cholesterol	Preserves the native viability and biosafety of naked probiotics	Might induce an inflammatory response	Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN)	Preventing and treating Salmonella typhimurium (STm) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis	[62]

Return to article view

IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh; Department of Computational Biology and AI, Aporesis, Wyoming, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh for giving support by sharing knowledge throughout this article writing and publishing.

Author contributions

STA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision. ABHR: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Project administration. MUA: Conceptualization. MTK: Writing—original draft. JFJ: Data curation. MMI: Writing—original draft. MARR: Conceptualization. MAU: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

Rani P, Tiwari SK. Chapter 6 - Health benefits of bacteriocins produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. In: Kumar A, Bilal M, Ferreira LFR, Kumari M, editors. Microbial Biomolecules. Academic Press; 2023. pp. 97–111. [DOI]

Mukherjee S. Implications of Probiotics in Management of Bacterial Infections. In: Saha T, Deb Adhikari M, Tiwary BK, editors. Alternatives to Antibiotics. Springer, Singapore; 2022. pp. 525–42. [DOI]

Anjana, Tiwari SK. Bacteriocin-Producing Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Controlling Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:851140. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Thuy TTD, Lu HF, Bregente CJB, Huang FA, Tu PC, Kao CY. Characterization of the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance-producing probiotics isolated from fermented foods. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24:85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Maryati Y, Nuraida L, Hariyadi RD. Production of Organic Acid and Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) from Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolate on Oligosaccharide Media. J Kim Sains Dan Apl. 2021;24:213–21. [DOI]

Mosyagin VV, Popov VS, Svazlyan GA, Naumov NM. The effect of organic acids and amino acids of a probiotic dietary supplement on metabolism in animals. J Agric Sci. 2024;11:88–93. [DOI]

Rozhkova IV, Yurova EA, Leonova VA. Evaluation of the Amino Acid Composition and Content of Organic Acids of Complex Postbiotic Substances Obtained on the Basis of Metabolites of Probiotic Bacteria Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ABK and Lactobacillus helveticus H9. Fermentation. 2023;9:460. [DOI]

Cheong YE, Kim J, Jin YS, Kim KH. Elucidation of the fucose metabolism of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by metabolomic and flux balance analyses. J Biotechnol. 2022;360:110–6. [DOI] [PubMed]

Eastwood J, van Hemert S, Poveda C, Elmore S, Williams C, Lamport D, et al. The Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Composition and Metabolite Production of Faecal Microbiota Using In Vitro Batch Cultures. Nutrients. 2023;15:2563. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Sen A, Nishimura T, Yoshimoto S, Yoshida K, Gotoh A, Katoh T, et al. Comprehensive analysis of metabolites produced by co-cultivation of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 with human iPS-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1155438. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Sulaimany S, Farahmandi K, Mafakheri A. Computational prediction of new therapeutic effects of probiotics. Sci Rep. 2024;14:11932. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Agbemavor WSK, Buys EM. Dynamic Interactions between Diarrhoeagenic Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Presumptive Probiotic Bacteria: Implications for Gastrointestinal Health. Microorganisms. 2023;11:2942. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Salminen S, Ouwehand A, Benno Y, Lee YK. Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends Food Sci Technol. 1999;10:107–10. [DOI]

14.

Rabot S, Rafter J, Rijkers GT, Watzl B, Antoine JM. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: impact of probiotics on digestive system metabolism. J Nutr. 2010;140:677S–89S. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Li T, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang J. A critical review of antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Food Res Int. 2020;136:109571. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Mazziotta C, Tognon M, Martini F, Torreggiani E, Rotondo JC. Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells. 2023;12:184. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103:6463–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

La Fata G, Weber P, Mohajeri MH. Probiotics and the Gut Immune System: Indirect Regulation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2018;10:11–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Yousefi B, Eslami M, Ghasemian A, Kokhaei P, Salek Farrokhi A, Darabi N. Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:8008–18. [DOI] [PubMed]

20.

Javanshir N, Hosseini GNG, Sadeghi M, Esmaeili R, Satarikia F, Ahmadian G, et al. Evaluation of the Function of Probiotics, Emphasizing the Role of their Binding to the Intestinal Epithelium in the Stability and their Effects on the Immune System. Biol Proced Online. 2021;23:23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Ng SC, Hart AL, Kamm MA, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:300–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Liu Q, Yu Z, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, et al. Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19:23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

23.

Zhang B, Zuo F, Yu R, Zeng Z, Ma H, Chen S. Comparative genome-based identification of a cell wall-anchored protein from Lactobacillus plantarum increases adhesion of Lactococcus lactis to human epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14109. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

24.

Hymes JP, Johnson BR, Barrangou R, Klaenhammer TR. Functional Analysis of an S-Layer-Associated Fibronectin-Binding Protein in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016;82:2676–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Mattila-Sandholm T, de Vos WM. Probiotic and other functional microbes: from markets to mechanisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2005;16:204–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Adv Nutr. 2019;10:S49–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Guo N, Lv LL. Mechanistic insights into the role of probiotics in modulating immune cells in ulcerative colitis. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023;11:e1045. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Probiotics [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic; c2025 [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/14598-probiotics

29.

Maldonado Galdeano C, Cazorla SI, Lemme Dumit JM, Vélez E, Perdigón G. Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74:115–24. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Latif A, Shehzad A, Niazi S, Zahid A, Ashraf W, Iqbal MW, et al. Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1216674. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Terpou A, Papadaki A, Lappa IK, Kachrimanidou V, Bosnea LA, Kopsahelis N. Probiotics in Food Systems: Significance and Emerging Strategies Towards Improved Viability and Delivery of Enhanced Beneficial Value. Nutrients. 2019;11:1591. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

32.

Yang X, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Nie W, Shang L. Armored probiotics for oral delivery. Smart Med. 2023;2:e20230019. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

33.

Sharma H, Sharma S, Bajwa J, Chugh R, Kumar D. Polymeric carriers in probiotic delivery system. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl. 2023;5:100301. [DOI]

34.

Zhu L, Yu T, Wang W, Xu T, Geng W, Li N, et al. Responsively Degradable Nanoarmor-Assisted Super Resistance and Stable Colonization of Probiotics for Enhanced Inflammation-Targeted Delivery. Adv Mater. 2024;36:e2308728. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Pan J, Gong G, Wang Q, Shang J, He Y, Catania C, et al. A single-cell nanocoating of probiotics for enhanced amelioration of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2117. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

36.

Zhuge A, Li B, Yuan Y, Lv L, Li Y, Wu J, et al. Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 encapsulated in alginate-pectin microgels ameliorates D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;104:7437–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Lohrasbi V, Abdi M, Asadi A, Rohani M, Esghaei M, Talebi M, et al. The effect of improved formulation of chitosan-alginate microcapsules of Bifidobacteria on serum lipid profiles in mice. Microb Pathog. 2020;149:104585. [DOI] [PubMed]

38.

Gunzburg WH, Aung MM, Toa P, Ng S, Read E, Tan WJ, et al. Efficient protection of microorganisms for delivery to the intestinal tract by cellulose sulphate encapsulation. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19:216. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Huang Y, Zhang L, Hu J, Liu H. Improved Loading Capacity and Viability of Probiotics Encapsulated in Alginate Hydrogel Beads by In Situ Cultivation Method. Foods. 2023;12:2256. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Doherty SB, Gee VL, Ross RP, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Brodkorb A. Development and characterisation of whey protein micro-beads as potential matrices for probiotic protection. Food Hydrocoll. 2011;25:1604–17. [DOI]

41.

Rodrigues D, Rocha-santos T, Sousa S, Gomes AM, Pintado MM, Malcata FX, et al. On the viability of five probiotic strains when immobilised on various polymers. Int J Dairy Technol. 2010;64:137–44. [DOI]

42.

Guidelines For The Evaluation of Probiotics in Food [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/110123033/Guidelines-for-the-Evaluation-of-Probiotics-in-Food

43.

Cheng C, Sun M, Wang L, Wang H, Li L, Yang Q, et al. Zein and soy polysaccharide encapsulation enhances probiotic viability and modulates gut microbiota. LWT. 2024;210:116827. [DOI]

44.

Liu B, Hu J, Yao H, Zhang L, Liu H. Improved viability of probiotics encapsulated by layer-by-layer assembly using zein nanoparticles and pectin. Food Hydrocoll. 2023;143:108899. [DOI]

45.

Virk MS, Virk MA, Gul M, Awais M, Liang Q, Tufail T, et al. Layer-by-layer concurrent encapsulation of probiotics and bioactive compounds with supplementation in intermediary layers: An establishing instrument for microbiome recharge, core safety, and targeted delivery. Food Hydrocoll. 2025;161:110873. [DOI]

46.

Pitigraisorn P, Srichaisupakit K, Wongpadungkiat N, Wongsasulak S. Encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in moist-heat-resistant multilayered microcapsules. J Food Eng. 2017;192:11–8. [DOI]

47.

Zhang Y, Guo Y, Liu F, Luo Y. Recent development of egg protein fractions and individual proteins as encapsulant materials for delivery of bioactives. Food Chem. 2023;403:134353. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Wei L, Zhou D, Kang X. Electrospinning as a novel strategy for the encapsulation of living probiotics in polyvinyl alcohol/silk fibroin. IFSET. 2021;71:102726. [DOI]

49.

Kwon G, Heo B, Kwon MJ, Kim I, Chu J, Kim BY, et al. Effect of Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Coating on Cell Viability and Intestinal Adhesion of Probiotic Bacteria. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31:592–600. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Wang X, Gao S, Yun S, Zhang M, Peng L, Li Y, et al. Microencapsulating Alginate-Based Polymers for Probiotics Delivery Systems and Their Application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15:644. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Călinoiu LF, Ştefănescu BE, Pop ID, Muntean L, Vodnar DC. Chitosan coating applications in probiotic microencapsulation. Coatings. 2019;9:194. [DOI]

52.

Guo X, Zhang X, Ying X, Ma A, Li Z, Liu H, et al. Fermentation properties and prebiotic potential of different pectins and their corresponding enzymatic hydrolysates. Food Hydrocoll. 2023;143:108878. [DOI]

53.

Galvez-Jiron F, Tang X, Gasaly N, Poncelet D, Wandersleben T, Drusch S, et al. Pectin-based encapsulation systems for the protection of beneficial bacterial species and impact on intestinal barrier function in vitro. Food Hydrocoll. 2024;160:110765. [DOI]

54.

Tee WF, Nazaruddin R, Tan YN, Ayob MK. Effects of encapsulation on the viability of potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum exposed to high acidity condition and presence of bile salts. Food Sci Technol Int. 2014;20:399–404. [DOI] [PubMed]

55.

Huang H, Yan W, Tan S, Zhao Y, Dong H, Liao W, et al. Frontier in gellan gum-based microcapsules obtained by emulsification: Core-shell structure, interaction mechanism, intervention strategies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;272:132697. [DOI] [PubMed]

56.

Ribeiro FC, Junqueira JC, Dos Santos JD, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Shukla S, et al. Development of Probiotic Formulations for Oral Candidiasis Prevention: Gellan Gum as a Carrier To Deliver Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e02323–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Yang Y, Zhang J, Li C. Delivery of Probiotics with Cellulose-Based Films and Their Food Applications. Polymers (Basel). 2024;16:794. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Shoukat L, Javed S, Afzaal M, Akhter N, Shah YA. Starch-based encapsulation to enhance probiotic viability in simulated digestion conditions. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;283:137606. [DOI] [PubMed]

59.

Savitskaya I, Zhantlessova S, Kistaubayeva A, Ignatova L, Shokatayeva D, Sinyavskiy Y, et al. Prebiotic Cellulose-Pullulan Matrix as a “Vehicle” for Probiotic Biofilm Delivery to the Host Large Intestine. Polymers (Basel). 2023;16:30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

Çabuk B, Harsa ŞT. Improved viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL-B 4495 during freeze-drying in whey protein-pullulan microcapsules. J Microencapsul. 2015;32:300–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

61.

Zullo BA, Ciafardini G. Evaluation of physiological properties of yeast strains isolated from olive oil and their in vitro probiotic trait. Food Microbiol. 2019;78:179–87. [DOI] [PubMed]

62.

Cao Z, Wang X, Pang Y, Cheng S, Liu J. Biointerfacial self-assembly generates lipid membrane coated bacteria for enhanced oral delivery and treatment. Nat Commun. 2019;10:5783. [DOI]

63.

Agriopoulou S, Tarapoulouzi M, Varzakas T, Jafari SM. Application of Encapsulation Strategies for Probiotics: From Individual Loading to Co-Encapsulation. Microorganisms. 2023;11:2896. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

64.

Barajas-Álvarez P, González-Ávila M, Espinosa-Andrews H. Recent Advances in Probiotic Encapsulation to Improve Viability under Storage and Gastrointestinal Conditions and Their Impact on Functional Food Formulation. Food Rev Int. 2021;39:992–1013. [DOI]

65.

Rajam R, Anandharamakrishnan C. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC 5422) with fructooligosaccharide as wall material by spray drying. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2015;60:773–80. [DOI]

66.

Moayyedi M, Eskandari MH, Rad AHE, Ziaee E, Khodaparast MHH, Golmakani MT. Effect of drying methods (electrospraying, freeze drying and spray drying) on survival and viability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. J Funct Foods. 2018;40:391–9. [DOI]

67.

Premjit Y, Pandhi S, Kumar A, Rai DC, Duary RK, Mahato DK. Current trends in flavor encapsulation: A comprehensive review of emerging encapsulation techniques, flavour release, and mathematical modelling. Food Res Int. 2022;151:110879. [DOI] [PubMed]

68.

Arslan-Tontul S, Erbas M. Single and double layered microencapsulation of probiotics by spray drying and spray chilling. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2017;81:160–9. [DOI]

69.

Shu G, Wang Z, Chen L, Wan H, Chen H. Characterization of freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus in goat milk powder and tablet: Optimization of the composite cryoprotectants and evaluation of storage stability at different temperature. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2018;90:70–6. [DOI]

70.

Archacka M, Białas W, Dembczyński R, Olejnik A, Sip A, Szymanowska D, et al. Method of preservation and type of protective agent strongly influence probiotic properties of Lactococcus lactis: A complete process of probiotic preparation manufacture and use. Food Chem. 2019;274:733–42. [DOI]

71.

da Silva Guedes J, Pimentel TC, Diniz-Silva HT, da Cruz Almeida ET, Tavares JF, Leite De Souza E, et al. Protective effects of β-glucan extracted from spent brewer yeast during freeze-drying, storage and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions of probiotic lactobacilli. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2019;116:108496. [DOI]

72.

Rojas-Espina D, Urriola-Urriola N, Cañas-Sarazúa R, Vilbett Briones-Labarca V. Optimizing the viability of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum using response surface methodology for dietary probiotic delivery. Future Foods. 2024;9:100329. [DOI]

73.

Dewettinck K, Huyghebaert A. Fluidized bed coating in food technology. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1999;10:163–8. [DOI]

74.

Strasser S, Neureiter M, Geppl M, Braun R, Danner H. Influence of lyophilization, fluidized bed drying, addition of protectants, and storage on the viability of lactic acid bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;107:167–77. [DOI] [PubMed]

75.

Albadran HA, Chatzifragkou A, Khutoryanskiy VV, Charalampopoulos D. Stability of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum in dry microcapsules under accelerated storage conditions. Food Res Int. 2015;74:208–16. [DOI] [PubMed]

76.

Rodrigues FJ, Omura MH, Cedran MF, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Garcia S. Effect of natural polymers on the survival of Lactobacillus casei encapsulated in alginate microspheres. J Microencapsul. 2017;34:431–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

77.

Frakolaki G, Giannou V, Topakas E, Tzia C. Effect of various encapsulating agents on the beads’ morphology and the viability of cells during BB-12 encapsulation through extrusion. J Food Eng. 2021;294:110423. [DOI]

78.

Haghshenas B, Abdullah N, Nami Y, Radiah D, Rosli R, Yari Khosroushahi A. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 15HN using alginate-psyllium-fenugreek polymeric blends. J Appl Microbiol. 2015;118:1048–57. [DOI] [PubMed]

79.

de Araújo Etchepare M, Raddatz GC, Flores ÉMM, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E, Barin JS, et al. Effect of resistant starch and chitosan on survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus microencapsulated with sodium alginate. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2016;65:511–7. [DOI]

80.

Hoang NH, Le Thanh T, Sangpueak R, Treekoon J, Saengchan C, Thepbandit W, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles-based ionic galation method: A promising candidate for plant disease management. Polymers. 2022;14:662. [DOI]

81.

Rodrigues FJ, Cedran MF, Bicas JL, Sato HH. Encapsulated probiotic cells: Relevant techniques, natural sources as encapsulating materials and food applications – A narrative review. Food Res Int. 2020;137:109682. [DOI]

82.

Li R, Zhang Y, Polk DB, Tomasula PM, Yan F, Liu LS. Preserving viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in vitro and in vivo by a new encapsulation system. J Control Release. 2016;230:79–87. [DOI]

83.

Dafe A, Etemadi H, Dilmaghani A, Mahdavinia GR. Investigation of pectin/starch hydrogel as a carrier for oral delivery of probiotic bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;97:536–43. [DOI]

84.

Dafe A, Etemadi H, Zarredar H, Mahdavinia GR. Development of novel carboxymethyl cellulose/k-carrageenan blends as an enteric delivery vehicle for probiotic bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;97:299–307. [DOI]

85.

Liao N, Luo B, Gao J, Li X, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, et al. Oligosaccharides as co-encapsulating agents: effect on oral Lactobacillus fermentum survival in a simulated gastrointestinal tract. Biotechnol Lett. 2019;41:263–72. [DOI] [PubMed]

86.

Mahmoud M, Abdallah NA, El-Shafei K, Tawfik NF, El-Sayed HS. Survivability of alginate-microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum during storage, simulated food processing and gastrointestinal conditions. Heliyon. 2020;6:e03541. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

87.

Dehkordi SS, Alemzadeh I, Vaziri AS, Vossoughi A. Optimization of Alginate-Whey Protein Isolate Microcapsules for Survivability and Release Behavior of Probiotic Bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2020;190:182–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

88.

Zhou J, Li M, Chen Q, Li X, Chen L, Dong Z, et al. Programmable probiotics modulate inflammation and gut microbiota for inflammatory bowel disease treatment after effective oral delivery. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3432. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

89.

Priya AJ, Vijayalakshmi SP, Raichur AM. Enhanced survival of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus by encapsulation with nanostructured polyelectrolyte layers through layer-by-layer approach. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:11838–45. [DOI] [PubMed]

90.

Safeer Abbas M, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Asghar A, Jianfeng L, Ahmad A, et al. Probiotic viability as affected by encapsulation materials: recent updates and perspectives. Int J Food Prop. 2023;26:1324–50. [DOI]

91.

Yin M, Chen M, Yuan Y, Liu F, Zhong F. Encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in whey protein isolate-shortening oil and gum Arabic by complex coacervation: Enhanced the viability of probiotics during spray drying and storage. Food Hydrocoll. 2024;146:109252. [DOI]

92.

Hernández-Rodríguez L, Lobato-Calleros C, Pimentel-Gonzalez DJ, Vernon-Carter EJ. Lactobacillus plantarum protection by entrapment in whey protein isolate: κ-carrageenan complex coacervates. Food Hydrocoll. 2014;36:181–8. [DOI]

93.

Eratte D, McKnight S, Gengenbach TR, Dowling K, Barrow CJ, Adhikari BP. Co-encapsulation and characterisation of omega-3 fatty acids and probiotic bacteria in whey protein isolate–gum Arabic complex coacervates. J Funct Foods. 2015;19:882–92. [DOI]

94.

Bosnea LA, Moschakis T, Nigam PS, Biliaderis CG. Growth adaptation of probiotics in biopolymer-based coacervate structures to enhance cell viability. LWT. 2017;77:282–9. [DOI]

95.

Mao L, Pan Q, Yuan F, Gao Y. Formation of soy protein isolate-carrageenan complex coacervates for improved viability of Bifidobacterium longum during pasteurization and in vitro digestion. Food Chem. 2019;276:307–14. [DOI] [PubMed]

96.

da Silva TM, de Deus C, de Souza Fonseca B, Lopes EJ, Cichoski AJ, Esmerino EA, et al. The effect of enzymatic crosslinking on the viability of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus) encapsulated by complex coacervation. Food Res Int. 2019;125:108577. [DOI] [PubMed]

97.

Zhao M, Huang X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Gänzle M, Yang N, et al. Probiotic encapsulation in water-in-water emulsion via heteroprotein complex coacervation of type-A gelatin/sodium caseinate. Food Hydrocoll. 2020;105:105790. [DOI]

98.

Feng K, Huangfu L, Liu C, Bonfili L, Xiang Q, Wu H, et al. Electrospinning and Electrospraying: Emerging Techniques for Probiotic Stabilization and Application. Polymers. 2023;15:2402. [DOI]

99.

Moreno JAS, Mendes AC, Stephansen K, Engwer C, Goycoolea FM, Boisen A, et al. Development of electrosprayed mucoadhesive chitosan microparticles. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;190:240–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

100.

Mendes AC, Chronakis IS. Electrohydrodynamic encapsulation of probiotics: A review. Food Hydrocoll. 2021;117:106688. [DOI]

101.

Luo Y, De Souza C, Ramachandran M, Wang S, Yi H, Ma Z, et al. Precise oral delivery systems for probiotics: A review. J Control Release. 2022;352:371–84. [DOI] [PubMed]

102.

Boostani S, Jafari SM. A comprehensive review on the controlled release of encapsulated food ingredients; fundamental concepts to design and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2021;109:303–21. [DOI]

103.

Boostani S, Jafari SM. Chapter Two - Controlled release of nanoencapsulated food ingredients. In: Jafari SM, editor. Release and Bioavailability of Nanoencapsulated Food Ingredients. Academic Press; 2020. pp. 27–78. [DOI]

104.

Nath S, Roy M, Sikidar J, Dev B. Evaluation of the Probiotic Potential of Weissella Confusa Isolated From Traditional Fermented Rice. Research Square [Preprint]. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 16]. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8b5a/df01b874b2a421dc2b0ef1f9e2c0a6ab804d.pdf

105.

Shah N, Patel A, Ambalam P, Holst O, Ljungh A, Prajapati J. Determination of an antimicrobial activity of Weissella confusa, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum against clinical pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in co-culture. Ann Microbiol. 2016;66:1137–43. [DOI]

106.

Simons A, Alhanout K, Duval RE. Bacteriocins, Antimicrobial Peptides from Bacterial Origin: Overview of Their Biology and Their Impact against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Microorganisms. 2020;8:639. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

107.

Pérez-Ramos A, Madi-Moussa D, Coucheney F, Drider D. Current Knowledge of the Mode of Action and Immunity Mechanisms of LAB-Bacteriocins. Microorganisms. 2021;9:2107. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

108.

Holmes ZC, Villa MM, Durand HK, Jiang S, Dallow EP, Petrone BL, et al. Microbiota responses to different prebiotics are conserved within individuals and associated with habitual fiber intake. Microbiome. 2022;10:114. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

109.

Braga JD, Thongngam M, Kumrungsee T. Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut-brain axis. NPJ Sci Food. 2024;8:16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

110.

Xu J, Lu Y. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and central nervous system diseases: from mechanisms of pathogenesis to therapeutic strategies. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1583562. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

111.

Zhou Q, Xie Z, Wu D, Liu L, Shi Y, Li P, et al. The Effect of Indole-3-Lactic Acid from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 on Human Intestinal Microbiota In Vitro. Foods. 2022;11:3302. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

112.

Lasaro MA, Salinger N, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Goulian M, et al. F1C fimbriae play an important role in biofilm formation and intestinal colonization by the Escherichia coli commensal strain Nissle 1917. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:246–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

113.

Campana R, van Hemert S, Baffone W. Strain-specific probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria and their interference with human intestinal pathogens invasion. Gut Pathog. 2017;9:12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

114.

Maltby R, Leatham-Jensen MP, Gibson T, Cohen PS, Conway T. Nutritional basis for colonization resistance by human commensal Escherichia coli strains HS and Nissle 1917 against E. coli O157:H7 in the mouse intestine. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53957. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

115.

Hudault S, Guignot J, Servin AL. Escherichia coli strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice against Salmonella typhimurium infection. Gut. 2001;49:47–55. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

116.

Kamada N, Kim YG, Sham HP, Vallance BA, Puente JL, Martens EC, et al. Regulated virulence controls the ability of a pathogen to compete with the gut microbiota. Science. 2012;336:1325–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

117.

Mantis NJ, Rol N, Corthésy B. Secretory IgA’s complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol. 2011;4:603–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

118.

Zhou P, Chen C, Patil S, Dong S. Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1355542. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

119.

Saarela M, Mogensen G, Fondén R, Mättö J, Mattila-Sandholm T. Probiotic bacteria: safety, functional and technological properties. J Biotechnol. 2000;84:197–215. [DOI] [PubMed]

120.

Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C. Bacteriocins - a viable alternative to antibiotics? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:95–105. [DOI] [PubMed]

121.

Bafeta A, Koh M, Riveros C, Ravaud P. Harms Reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials of Interventions Aimed at Modifying Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:240–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

122.

Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:6022. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

123.

Zhang J, Li K, Bu X, Cheng S, Duan Z. Characterization of the anti-pathogenic, genomic and phenotypic properties of a Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHProbi M14 isolate. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0285480. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

124.

Kamal RM, Alnakip ME, Abd El Aal SF, Bayoumi MA. Bio-controlling capability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus against some common foodborne pathogens in yoghurt. Int Dairy J. 2018;85:1–7. [DOI]

125.

Rodriguez C, Ramlaoui D, Georgeos N, Gasca B, Leal C, Salzameda N, et al. 2145. Antagonistic Activity of Lacticseibacillus rhamnosus R3 Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strain: A Promising Therapeutic Alternative. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10:ofad500.1768. [DOI] [PMC]

126.

Fang H, Li H, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Ross P, et al. Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1310 enhances immunity in immunosuppressed mice via modulating immune response and gut microbiota. Food Biosci. 2024;59:104058. [DOI]

127.

Hickey A, Stamou P, Udayan S, Ramón-Vázquez A, Esteban-Torres M, Bottacini F, et al. Bifidobacterium breve Exopolysaccharide Blocks Dendritic Cell Maturation and Activation of CD4+ T Cells. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:653587. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

128.

Probiotic Strains Database [Internet]. Clorofilla Scientific Publishing; c2018-2025 [cited 2025 Mar 20]. Available from: https://microbiomepost.com/probiotic-strains/

129.

Sarita B, Samadhan D, Hassan MZ, Kovaleva EG. A comprehensive review of probiotics and human health-current perspectives and applications. Front Microbiol. 2025;15:1487641. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

130.

Darbandi A, Asadi A, Mahdizade Ari M, Ohadi E, Talebi M, Halaj Zadeh M, et al. Bacteriocins: Properties and potential use as antimicrobials. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36:e24093. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

131.

Merenstein D, Pot B, Leyer G, Ouwehand AC, Preidis GA, Elkins CA, et al. Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives. Gut Microbes. 2023;15:2185034. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

132.

Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell. 2016;165:1332–45. [DOI] [PubMed]

133.

Lu Y, Luo X, Yang D, Li Y, Gong T, Li B, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on related side effects after chemoradiotherapy in cancer patients. Front Oncol. 2022;12:1032145. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

134.

Reyna-Figueroa J, Barrón-Calvillo E, García-Parra C, Galindo-Delgado P, Contreras-Ochoa C, Lagunas-Martínez A, et al. Probiotic Supplementation Decreases Chemotherapy-induced Gastrointestinal Side Effects in Patients With Acute Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;41:468–72. [DOI] [PubMed]

135.

Gonçalves RM, Monges BED, Oshiro KGN, Cândido ES, Pimentel JPF, Franco OL, et al. Advantages and Challenges of Using Antimicrobial Peptides in Synergism with Antibiotics for Treating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis. 2025;11:323–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

136.

Mahajan E, Sinha S, Bhatia A, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Evaluation of the effect of probiotics as add-on therapy with conventional therapy and alone in malaria induced mice. BMC Res Notes. 2021;14:246. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

137.

Wieërs G, Verbelen V, Van Den Driessche M, Melnik E, Vanheule G, Marot JC, et al. Do Probiotics During In-Hospital Antibiotic Treatment Prevent Colonization of Gut Microbiota With Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria? A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing Saccharomyces to a Mixture of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces. Front Public Health. 2021;8:578089. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

138.

El Far MS, Zakaria AS, Kassem MA, Edward EA. Characterization of probiotics isolated from dietary supplements and evaluation of metabiotic-antibiotic combinations as promising therapeutic options against antibiotic-resistant pathogens using time-kill assay. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024;24:303. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

139.

Yang J, Meng L, Li Y, Huang H. Strategies for applying probiotics in the antibiotic management of Clostridioides difficile infection. Food Funct. 2023;14:8711–33. [DOI] [PubMed]

140.

Shahali A, Soltani R, Akbari V. Probiotic Lactobacillus and the potential risk of spreading antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Res Pharm Sci. 2023;18:468–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

141.

Kerek Á, Román IL, Szabó Á, Papp M, Bányai K, Kardos G, et al. Comprehensive Metagenomic Analysis of Veterinary Probiotics in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel). 2024;14:1927. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

142.

Das DJ, Shankar A, Johnson JB, Thomas S. Critical insights into antibiotic resistance transferability in probiotic Lactobacillus. Nutrition. 2020;69:110567. [DOI] [PubMed]

143.

Kumari M, Patel HK, Kokkiligadda A, Bhushan B, Tomar SK. Characterization of probiotic lactobacilli and development of fermented soymilk with improved technological properties. LWT. 2022;154:112827. [DOI]

144.

Goldstein EJ, Tyrrell KL, Citron DM. Lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:S98–107. [DOI] [PubMed]

145.

Nawaz M, Wang J, Zhou A, Ma C, Wu X, Moore JE, et al. Characterization and transfer of antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria from fermented food products. Curr Microbiol. 2011;62:1081–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

146.

Seyirt S, Şanlıbaba P, Tezel BU. Antibiotic resistance in probiotic microorganisms. Turk J Agric-Food Sci. 2023;11:746–57. [DOI]

147.

Álvarez-Cisneros YM, Ponce-Alquicira E. Antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria. Antimicrob Resist Glob Threat. 2018:53–73. [DOI]

148.

Imperial IC, Ibana JA. Addressing the Antibiotic Resistance Problem with Probiotics: Reducing the Risk of Its Double-Edged Sword Effect. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1983. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

149.

Sharma P, Tomar SK, Goswami P, Sangwan V, Singh R. Antibiotic resistance among commercially available probiotics. Food Res Int. 2014;57:176–95. [DOI]

150.

Mousa WK, Mousa S, Ghemrawi R, Obaid D, Sarfraz M, Chehadeh F, et al. Probiotics Modulate Host Immune Response and Interact with the Gut Microbiota: Shaping Their Composition and Mediating Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:13783. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

151.

Qi Q, Wang L, Gebremedhin MA, Li S, Wang X, Shen J, et al. The impact of early-life antibiotics and probiotics on gut microbial ecology and infant health outcomes: a Pregnancy and Birth Cohort in Northwest China (PBCC) study protocol. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22:738. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

152.

Wang Y, Wang X, Cao XY, Zhu HL, Miao L. Comparative effectiveness of different probiotics supplements for triple helicobacter pylori eradication: a network meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1120789. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

153.

Cai Q, Shi Y. A commentary on 'The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 23 randomized studies’. Int J Surg. 2024;110:3097–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

154.

Liu Y, Qiao L, Liu H, Xie Y. A commentary on 'The efficacy and safety of probiotics for prevention of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea in people with abdominal and pelvic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 23 randomized studies’. Int J Surg. 2023;109:4353–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

155.

Jakubauskas M, Jakubauskiene L, Leber B, Horvath A, Strupas K, Stiegler P, et al. Probiotic Supplementation Attenuates Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis in an Experimental Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Rat Model. Nutrients. 2023;15:1117. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

156.

Li X, Hu B, Zheng J, Pan Z, Cai Y, Zhao M, et al. Probiotics Alleviate Chemotherapy-Associated Intestinal Mucosal Injury via the TLR4-NFκB Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:2183–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

157.

Zhu Z, Pan W, Ming X, Wu J, Zhang X, Miao J, et al. The effect of probiotics on severe oral mucositis in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: A meta-analysis. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024;125:101983. [DOI] [PubMed]

158.

Huang F, Li S, Chen W, Han Y, Yao Y, Yang L, et al. Postoperative Probiotics Administration Attenuates Gastrointestinal Complications and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Caused by Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Nutrients. 2023;15:356. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

159.

Arab A, Karimi E, Bagherniya M, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The Effect of Probiotic and Synbiotic Consumption on the Most Prevalent Chemotherapy-related Complications: A Systematic Review of Current Literature. Curr Med Chem. 2022;29:5462–73. [DOI] [PubMed]

160.

Gholizadeh P, Faghfouri AH, Furneri PM, Faghfuri E. Editorial: Probiotics and their metabolites in cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1497524. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

161.

Sookkhee S, Khamnoi P, Sastraruji T, Boonkum S, Wikan N, Nimlamool W. Synergistic Inhibition of Synbiotic Cultures among Lactobacilli and Plant Extracts against Vaginal Discharge Causing Candida albicans. Nutrients. 2024;16:1372. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

162.

Bezerra LP, Freitas CDT, Silva AFB, Amaral JL, Neto NAS, Silva RGG, et al. Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Synthetic Peptides and Antifungal Drugs against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:553. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

163.

Zou P, Liu J, Li P, Luan Q. Antifungal Activity, Synergism with Fluconazole or Amphotericin B and Potential Mechanism of Direct Current against Candida albicans Biofilms and Persisters. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13:521. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

164.

Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, Steele AD, Luo N, Hart CA, et al. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Africa: a review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76:525–37. [PubMed] [PMC]

165.

Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010:CD003048. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

166.

Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Tokas T, Athanasiou S. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs. 2006;66:1253–61. [DOI] [PubMed]

167.

Mestre A, Sathiya Narayanan R, Rivas D, John J, Abdulqader MA, Khanna T, et al. Role of Probiotics in the Management of Helicobacter pylori. Cureus. 2022;14:e26463. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

168.

Lesbros-Pantoflickova D, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Blum AL. Helicobacter pylori and probiotics. J Nutr. 2007;137:812S–8S. [DOI] [PubMed]

169.

Batdorj B, Trinetta V, Dalgalarrondo M, Prévost H, Dousset X, Ivanova I, et al. Isolation, taxonomic identification and hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis T31, isolated from Mongolian yoghurt: inhibitory activity on food-borne pathogens. J Appl Microbiol. 2007;103:584–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

170.

Yang Z, Zhang S, Ying L, Zhang W, Chen X, Liang Y, et al. The effect of probiotics supplementation on cancer-treatment complications: a critical umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025;65:3702–27. [DOI] [PubMed]

171.

Wang X, Zhang P, Zhang X. Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity. Molecules. 2021;26:6076. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

172.

Qureshi N, Li P, Gu Q. Probiotic therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection: a potential strategy against a serious pathogen? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103:1573–88. [DOI] [PubMed]

173.

Asemi Z, Zare Z, Shakeri H, Sabihi SS, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of multispecies probiotic supplements on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63:1–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

174.

Ruggiero L, Castillo A, Quinn L, Hochwert M. Translation of the diabetes prevention program’s lifestyle intervention: role of community health workers. Curr Diab Rep. 2012;12:127–37. [DOI] [PubMed]

175.

Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Skrbic R, Golocorbin-Kon S, Mikov M. Probiotic Pre-treatment Reduces Gliclazide Permeation (ex vivo) in Healthy Rats but Increases It in Diabetic Rats to the Level Seen in Untreated Healthy Rats. Arch Drug Inf. 2008;1:35–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

176.

Tabuchi M, Ozaki M, Tamura A, Yamada N, Ishida T, Hosoda M, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Lactobacillus GG in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003;67:1421–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

177.

Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR. Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats. Nutrition. 2007;23:62–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

178.

Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition. 2012;28:539–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

179.

Moroti C, Souza Magri LF, de Rezende Costa M, Cavallini DC, Sivieri K. Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

180.

Firouzi S, Majid HA, Ismail A, Kamaruddin NA, Barakatun-Nisak MY. Effect of multi-strain probiotics (multi-strain microbial cell preparation) on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56:1535–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

181.

Cinque B, Palumbo P, Torre CL, Melchiorre E, Corridoni D, Miconi G, et al. Probiotics in aging skin. In: Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI, editors. Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2016. pp. 1–13. [DOI]

182.

Kober MM, Bowe WP. The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2015;1:85–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

183.

Gao T, Wang X, Li Y, Ren F. The Role of Probiotics in Skin Health and Related Gut-Skin Axis: A Review. Nutrients. 2023;15:3123. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

184.

Bouilly-Gauthier D, Jeannes C, Maubert Y, Duteil L, Queille-Roussel C, Piccardi N, et al. Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotic and carotenoids on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:536–43. [DOI] [PubMed]

185.

Lee DE, Huh CS, Ra J, Choi ID, Jeong JW, Kim SH, et al. Clinical Evidence of Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on Skin Aging: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;25:2160–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

186.

Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2014;384:626–35. [DOI] [PubMed]

187.

Safavi M, Farajian S, Kelishadi R, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on some cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children: a randomized triple-masked controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013;64:687–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

188.

Hashempour-Baltork F, Torbati M, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Savage GP. Quality Properties of Sesame and Olive Oils Incorporated with Flaxseed Oil. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7:97–101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

189.

Prabhahar A, Batta A, Hatwal J, Kumar V, Ramachandran R, Batta A. Endothelial dysfunction in the kidney transplant population: Current evidence and management strategies. World J Transplant. 2025;15:97458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

190.

Suresh MG, Mohamed S, Yukselen Z, Hatwal J, Venkatakrishnan A, Metri A, et al. Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease: A Literature Review. Heart Mind. 2025;9:68–79. [DOI]

191.

Bhathena J, Martoni C, Kulamarva A, Urbanska AM, Malhotra M, Prakash S. Orally delivered microencapsulated live probiotic formulation lowers serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. J Med Food. 2009;12:310–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

192.

Parvez S, Malik KA, Ah Kang S, Kim HY. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100:1171–85. [DOI] [PubMed]

193.

Brown CT, Davis-Richardson AG, Giongo A, Gano KA, Crabb DB, Mukherjee N, et al. Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25792. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

194.

Wang Y, Xu N, Xi A, Ahmed Z, Zhang B, Bai X. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;84:341–7. [DOI] [PubMed]

195.

Nilsson A, Ostman E, Preston T, Björck I. Effects of GI vs content of cereal fibre of the evening meal on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardized breakfast. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62:712–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

196.

Nilsson AC, Ostman EM, Holst JJ, Björck IM. Including indigestible carbohydrates in the evening meal of healthy subjects improves glucose tolerance, lowers inflammatory markers, and increases satiety after a subsequent standardized breakfast. J Nutr. 2008;138:732–9. [DOI] [PubMed]