Exploration of Drug Science

Antimicrobial activity	Barrier functions	Immunomodulation
Changing luminal pH Secreting antimicrobial peptides Inhibit microbial invasion Blocking microbial adhesion	Increased mucus production Increased barrier stability	Epithelial cells Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells & T cells

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh; Department of Computational Biology and AI, Aporesis, Wyoming, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh for giving support by sharing knowledge throughout this article writing and publishing.

Author contributions

STA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Project administration, Supervision. ABHR: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Project administration. MUA: Conceptualization. MTK: Writing—original draft. JFJ: Data curation. MMI: Writing—original draft. MARR: Conceptualization. MAU: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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