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From: The dual role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms, clinical relevance, and therapeutic opportunities

Table 2. Genetic alterations in the KEAP1-Nrf2 axis in HCC

Gene	Mutation type	Frequency in HCC	Functional impact	Reference
KEAP1	Loss-of-function	10–15% (NASH-related)	Disrupt Nrf2 ubiquitination, constitutive activation	[2]
NFE2L2	Gain-of-function	5–8% (all etiologies)	Enhanced DNA binding, increased target gene expression	[6]
KEAP1	Promoter methylation	30% (HBV-related)	Reduced KEAP1 expression, Nrf2 stabilization	[10]

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HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

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