Exploration of Drug Science

Table 3. Characteristics of the peptides produced for each biological agent from 1993 to 2024 in the Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela

Agent	IMT code	Protein	Characteristics	Method	No. of sera tested	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Ref.
HIV	957	gp41	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	37 HIV+	91.9	100	Not published
	953	gp41	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	37 HIV+	86.5	100
	956	gp41	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	37 HIV+	86.5	100
	959	gp41	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	37 HIV+	86.5	100
	1954	gp41	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	146 HIV+	86.6	100
					20 Warao HIV+	100	100	[46]
					15 with treatment	86.6	100	Not published
					11 without treatment	100	100
	1961	gp41	Contains parts of 1954 + 2197, GC on C-terminal (dimeric)	MABA	59 HIV+	61	100
	2197	gp41	Modification of 1954, CG on N-terminal (dimeric)	MABA	105 HIV+	82.8	100
					15 with treatment	86.6	100
					11 without treatment	100	100
	1954 + 1961 + 2197	gp41	-	MABA	41 HIV+	100	100
	1965	gp120	GC on C-terminal (dimeric)	MABA	59 HIV+	37.3	100
					20 Warao HIV+	65	100	[46]
					15 with treatment	60	100	Not published
					11 without treatment	63.6	100
	1968	gp120	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	59 HIV+	4.67	100
					20 Warao HIV+	65	100	[46]
					15 with treatment	60	100	Not published
					11 without treatment	63.6	100
	1954 + 1968	gp41 + gp120	CG-GC (polymeric)	MABA	28 HIV+	57.1	100
					20 Warao HIV+	65	100	[46]
					15 with treatment	60	100	Not published
					11 without treatment	72.7	100	Not published
HCV	286 + 59 + 290	Core + NS4 + NS5	Monomeric	ELISA	59 immunocompetent	100	100	[47]
	286 + 59 + 290	Core + NS4 + NS5	Monomeric	ELISA	129 immunocompromised	91	100	[47]
	59	NS4	Monomeric	ELISA	39 urban, rural, and Indigenous people	72	-	[48]
	286	Core				67
	290	NS5				46
	2052	Core	Monomeric	MABA	22 HCV+	100	100	[49]
HAV	1996	VP1	Dimeric	PEPSCAN/ELISA/MABA	12–14 HAV+	87–100 IgG; 100 IgM	100	[50]
T. cruzi	9, 12, 14, 47	Hsp70	Polymeric, highly conserved	ELISA	9 chagasic	77.8	Low Inespecifici ty	[51]
T. cruzi	3972, 6303, 3973	TcCA-2 membrane protein	Monomeric	ELISA	133 chronic/non-acute, indeterminate symptomatic/non symptomatic	90	98	[52]
P. falciparum	94A, 154, 200	GLURP	Polymeric	ELISA/MABA	Rabbit hyperimmune sera	-	-	[27]
S. mansoni	164	Sm31	Polymeric	MABA	51	49	100	[53, 54]
	180	Sm31	Polymeric	MABA		86	100
	178	Sm31	Polymeric	MABA		49	100
	172	Sm31	Polymeric	MABA		35	100
	164 + 180	Sm31	Polymeric	MABA		96	100
	490, 491, 492, 487	Sm31	Monomeric/polymeric	ELISA/MABA/WB ELISA rabbit immunization for polyclonal Ab: capture assay	40 patient schistosomiasis+	22.5–67.5	100	[55]
	487, 488, 489, 493	Sm31	Monomeric/polymeric		40 rabbit hyperimmune sera	62.5	85.3	[55]
	172, 180	Sm31	Polymeric	ELISA rabbit immunization for polyclonal Ab: capture assay	-	70.8	80.5	[56]
	12, 14, 64	Sm32	Polymeric	Rabbit immunization for polyclonal Ab: capture assay	-	-	-	-
SARS-CoV-2	Multiple peptides	S (S1, S2, RBD)	Monomeric	PEPSCAN	10 acute sera in 2 pools; IgM, IgG, IgA	High	-	[44]
		M				High
		N				High
		ORFs				0
H. pylori	881	CagA	Monomeric	MABA/ELISA IgG, sIgA	349 sera (IgG); 390 saliva (sIgA)	92.6–96.3	100	-
	869					62–87.6	100
	866					67.2–100	99–100
	1436					60.6–100	67–100	[57]
	1440					80.8–100	66–100	Data not published
	1441					100	86–100
	1442					84.2–100	88.4–100
	1444					100	66.6–100
	1445					75–80	96–100
	Pools					99–100	100

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-: no data. Ab: antibody; CagA: protein from Helicobacter pylori; CG-GC: cysteine-glycine-glycine-cysteine; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GLURP: glutamate-rich protein; HAV: hepatitis A virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IMT: Instituto de Medicina Tropical; M: membrane; MABA: multiple antigen blot assay; N: nucleocapsid; ORFs: open reading frames; RBD: receptor binding domain; S: spike; WB: Western blotting

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We dedicate this publication to Dr. Manuel Elkin Patarroyo Murillo, who passed away on January 9th, 2025. He was a fundamental factor in the creation of our research group and supported training in the immunochemical area of the team, particularly in everything related to the chemical synthesis of peptides. He was also a great role model as a researcher who dedicated his life to generating well-being for the most vulnerable populations on the planet as a pioneer in the development of synthetic vaccines and the training of a very large group of scientists at the Colombian Institute of Immunology in Bogotá.

Author contributions

ON: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DP: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BAdN: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DOP: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FHP: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This article summarizes the research produced in the area of synthetic peptides with diagnostic value for infectious diseases, generated by several research projects that were approved by different bioethics committees that comply with international regulations to respect ethical standards related to studies with human beings. Regarding the non-published results for patients with HIV/AIDS, the Bioethics Committee of the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) approved the use of sera from patients in the project titled: “Viral hepatitis and AIDS: molecular characteristics of infections in Venezuela (G-2005000394)” at Meeting No. 1323 on May 20th, 2009. Similarly, the sera of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection were used with the consent of the Ethical Committee of the Instituto de Biomedicina on November 14th, 2006, with the project titled: “Immunological profile, genotype and pathologies associated with Helicobacter pylori in Venezuelan individuals”. This study complies with the 2024 Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Funding

Funding was obtained via the following grants: Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) 1992; National Laboratory of Proteomics and Immunochemistry of Proteins [FONACIT-2005]; Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation 2017 project No. [OPP1151004]; FONACIT 2022–2024 project No. [20220PGP129]; FONACIT 2022–2024 project No. [20220PGP130]; FONACIT 2024–2026 project CFP No. [2024000297]; FONACIT project PEI No. [20122000815]; FONACIT 2022 project No. [20220PGP06]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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