Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies that delineate the anti-Partkinson’s activity of biochanin A
| Model | Dose/concentration | Observed molecular modulations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| LPS-induced oxidative stress and damage rat model | (25, 50 mg/kg; i.p., n = 8) | Increased SOD, GPx activities in the midbrain.Reduced MDA level.Reduced number of apoptotic cells, Iba-1 level in the SNpc.Increased TH-positive neurons.Suppressed the expression of p47phox, p67phox, and gp91phox in the SNpc. | [29] |
| LPS-induced damage to dopaminergic neurons rat model | (25, 50 mg/kg; i.p., n = 16) | Decreased microglia activation.Reduced the Iba-1 expression level.Increased the TH-positive neurons in the SNpc.Reduced the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the serum.Reduced the IL-1β and TNF-α in the brain.Inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38. | [27] |
| Iron and rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease rat model | (3 and 30 mg/kg; i.p., n = 9) | Increased the dopamine level and substantia nigra TH expression in the brain.Reduced the MDA level in the SNpc.Increased the level of GSH in the SNpc. | [30] |
| LPS-induced inflammatory responses in the primary microglia cell model | (1.25, 2.5, 5 µM) | Reduced the ROS, NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. | [27] |
| LPS-induced inflammatory responses in the primary microglia cell model | (15, 20, 25, 30 µM) | Reduced the activity of microglia cells. | [27] |
| LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response in the BV2 microglial cell model | (1.25–5 µM) | Decreased the cell viability and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.Reduced the activation of microglia in BV2 cells.Reduced the increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels.Decreased the mRNA expression of NO and iNOS. Reduced the JNK, ERK, p38, ROS, and MAPK levels. | [34] |
| LPS-induced damage in the microglial cell model | (0.25, 1, 2.5 µM) | Inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, NO, and SOD.Increased dopaminergic neurons.Reduced the TH-IR neurons. | [14] |
LPS: lipopolysaccharide; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; Iba-1: indole-3-butyric acid; SNpc: substantia nigra pars compacta; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; BV2: mouse microglial cell line; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase