Table Info

Table 1.

Phenolic compounds that inhibit clinical indications of Alzheimer’s disease

No.	Compound	Mechanism	IC₅₀ (μM)	IC₅₀ (µmol/µmol AChE)	Eq. Trolox (mM)	Ref.
1	Ferulic acid	Aβ-42	9.3			[43]
2	Curcumin	Aβ-42	0.2			[44]
2	Curcumin	AChE	58.08			[108]
3	Rosmarinic acid	Aβ-42	20.3			[45]
		τ-protein	7.7			[71]
		AChE	> 150			[109]
		BuChE	33.50			[109]
4	Resveratrol	Aβ-42	30.0			[46]
		AChE	1.66			[109]
		BuChE	1.56			[109]
5	3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Aβ-42	4.7			[48]
5	3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	BACE1	3.3			[47]
6	3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Aβ-42	16.4			[48]
7	4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Aβ-42	0.1			[48]
8	1,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Aβ-42	2.2			[48]
9	3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Aβ-42	0.3			[48]
10	3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester	Aβ-42	3.0			[48]
11	Caffeic acid	Aβ-42	32.8			[48]
		NO	40.0			[75]
		AChE	179.9			[75]
12	Chlorogenic acid	Aβ-42	92.9			[48]
		NO	49.6			[75]
		AChE	410			[102]
13	Acteoside	Aβ-42	11.3			[56]
		AChE	19.9			[113]
		BuChE	35.0			[113]
14	Cistanoside D	Aβ-42	> 100			[56]
15	Methylacteoside	Aβ-42	> 100			[56]
16	Oraposide	Aβ-42	8.2			[56]
17	3'''-O-methylcrenatoside	Aβ-42	28.4			[56]
18	Methyloraposide	Aβ-42	> 100			[56]
19	Isoacteoside	Aβ-42	33.5			[56]
20	Isocrenatoside	Aβ-42	27.4			[56]
21	Hydroxytyrosol	Aβ-42	92.0			[56]
22	Syringaldehyde	BACE1	34.90			[58]
22	Syringaldehyde	AChE	> 1,000			[96]
23	Benzoic acid	BACE1	309.30			[58]
24	Phthalic acid	BACE1	133.40			[58]
25	Urolithin B	BACE1	35.6			[58]
26	(+)-Usnic acid	BACE1	43.1			[58]
27	Esculetin	BACE1	7.67			[59]
		AChE	6.13			[59]
		BuChE	8.66			[59]
28	Bergenin	BACE1	> 400			[60]
29	11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin	BACE1	23.80			[60]
30	11-O-protocatechoylbergenin	BACE1	0.60			[60]
31	1,2,3-Trigalloyl glucopyranoside	BACE1	9.43			[63]
32	Acetonyl geraniin	BACE1	0.71			[63]
33	Helioscopinin A	BACE1	0.99			[63]
34	Helioscopinin B	BACE1	0.41			[63]
35	Furosin	BACE1	17.77			[63]
36	Rugosin E	BACE1	0.06			[63]
37	Euphorscopin	BACE1	2.50			[63]
38	Jolkinin	BACE1	54.93			[63]
39	1-Galloyl glucopyranose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
40	1,6-Digalloyl glucopyranose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
41	2,6-Digalloyl glucopyranose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
42	1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucopyranose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
43	1,2,6-Trigalloyl glucopyranose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
44	2-Galloyl galactose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
45	Corilagin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
46	Elaeocarpusin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
47	Geraniin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
48	Helioscopin B	BACE1	> 350			[63]
49	1,2,6-Trigalloyl allose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
50	1,3,6-Trigalloyl allose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
51	1,2,3,6-Tetragalloyl allose	BACE1	> 350			[63]
52	Bixanin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
53	3-O-galloylshikimic acid	BACE1	> 350			[63]
54	5-Pyrogallo-O-quinic acid	BACE1	> 350			[63]
55	α-Viniferin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
56	Schizandrin	BACE1	> 350			[63]
57	Gastrodin	GSK3β	NE			[73]
58	Salidroside	GSK3β	NE			[74]
59	Methylchlorogenic acid	NO	34.9			[75]
60	(E)-1,7-diphenylhept-4-en-3-one	SET-OH/H HAT-OOH	149.8		0.28	[76]
		AChE	277.8			[76]
		BuChE	NA			[76]
61	5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy -3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylheptan-3-one	SET-OH/H HAT-OOH	14.81		1.74	[76]
		AChE	190.7			[76]
		BuChE	252.0			[76]
62	(4Z,6E)-5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenylhepta-4,6-dien-3-one	SET-OH/H HAT-OOH	> 250		0.33	[76]
		AChE	194.5			[76]
		BuChE	NA			[76]
63	p-Hydroxycinnamic acid	SET-OH/H HAT-OOH	29.94		3.20	[76]
		AChE	68.5			[113]
		BuChE	> 100			[113]
64	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	AChE	150.6	6.36		[77, 95]
65	2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde	AChE	47.0			[78]
66	4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde	AChE	37.0			[78]
67	Methyl syringate	AChE		5.50		[95]
68	p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid	AChE		5.84		[95]
69	Salicylic acid	AChE		6.07		[95]
70	p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	AChE		6.24		[95]
71	Homovanillic acid	AChE		6.45		[95]
72	Nordihydroguaiaretic acid	AChE		6.47		[95]
73	Protocatechuic acid	AChE		6.50		[95]
74	m-Hydroxybenzoic acid	AChE		6.68		[95]
75	Vanillic acid	AChE	923	6.79		[95, 102]
76	Syringic acid	AChE		6.96		[95]
77	Homogentisic acid	AChE		7.16		[95]
78	Gentisic acid	AChE		8.02		[95]
79	Gallic acid	AChE		9.32		[95]
80	Ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	AChE		31.38		[95]
81	Ethyl vanillate	AChE		34.19		[95]
82	Dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate	AChE	357.9			[96]
83	Gigantol	AChE	> 1,000			[96]
84	Olivetol	AChE	0.005			[98]
84	Olivetol	BuChE	0.006			[98]
85	3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	AChE	> 1,000			[102]
86	Hydroquinone	AChE	260			[102]
87	Thymohydroquinone	AChE	240.6			[103, 104]
88	Carvacrol	AChE	419.4			[103, 104]
89	Thymol	AChE	> 1,000			[103, 104]
90	3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid	AChE	141.6			[105]
90	3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid	BuChE	152.8			[105]
91	3,3',4'-Tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside	AChE	128.6			[105]
91	3,3',4'-Tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside	BuChE	> 200			[105]
92	3,3',4'-Tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	AChE	118.0			[105]
92	3,3',4'-Tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	BuChE	148.5			[105]
93	3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	AChE	129.1			[105]
93	3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	BuChE	182.4			[105]
94	Anisacanthin	AChE	0.09			[106]
95	Pinoresinol	AChE	0.292			[106]
96	Epipinoresinol	AChE	0.242			[106]
97	Phillyrin	AChE	0.279			[106]
98	Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside	AChE	0.64			[106]
99	Tannic acid	AChE	0.12			[107]
99	Tannic acid	BuChE	0.09			[107]
100	Salvianolic acid B	AChE	> 150			[109]
100	Salvianolic acid B	BuChE	14.6			[109]
101	Salvianolic acid A	AChE	> 150			[109]
101	Salvianolic acid A	BuChE	97.7			[109]
102	Carnosic acid	AChE	95.8			[109]
102	Carnosic acid	BuChE	12.4			[109]
103	Carnosol	AChE	33.7			[109]
103	Carnosol	BuChE	11.9			[109]
104	Danshensu salt	AChE	NA			[109]
104	Danshensu salt	BuChE	109.8			[109]
105	Eugenol	AChE	8.69			[112]
105	Eugenol	BuChE	8.86			[112]
106	Butylated hydroxyl toluene	AChE	9.16			[112]
106	Butylated hydroxyl toluene	BuChE	9.00			[112]
107	Martinoside	AChE	> 100			[113]
107	Martinoside	BuChE	> 100			[113]
108	Cinnamic acid	AChE	78.5			[113]
108	Cinnamic acid	BuChE	> 100			[113]
109	Isoacteoside	AChE	21.9			[113]
109	Isoacteoside	BuChE	29.7			[113]
110	Decaffeoylverbascoside	AChE	16.1			[113]
110	Decaffeoylverbascoside	BuChE	46.0			[113]
111	Lavandulifolioside	AChE	301.0			[114]
112	Lapathoside B	AChE	> 100			[115]
112	Lapathoside B	BuChE	10.9			[115]
113	Vanicoside B	AChE	32.3			[115]
113	Vanicoside B	BuChE	7.5			[115]
114	Lapathoside A	AChE	30.6			[115]
114	Lapathoside A	BuChE	2.7			[115]
115	Smilaside J	AChE	56.0			[115]
115	Smilaside J	BuChE	10.1			[115]
116	Smilaside G	AChE	> 100			[115]
116	Smilaside G	BuChE	17.1			[115]
117	4-O-caffeoyl quinic acid	AChE	80.2			[116]
118	4,5-Di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid	AChE	62.6			[116]
119	Isocorilagin	AChE	0.49			[117]
119	Isocorilagin	BuChE	4.20			[117]

NE: not evaluated; NA: not active

Declarations

Author contributions

JM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Conceptualization.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

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Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

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Funding

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Copyright

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