Exploration of Neuroscience

Table 1. CBT for BD

Study	Mean age	Sample size	Female	Intervention type	Outcomes	Follow-up
Nielssen et al. [103]	44	83	55	10 weekly group sessions	Reductions in symptoms of depression and mania	6 months
Henken et al. [104]	46	23	18	10 weekly group sessions	Variation in mood states diminished; there was a change from depressive states to more euthymic states; there was an increase in overall psychosocial functioning and self-reported psychological health	2 months and 12 months
Weinstein et al. [105]	9.19	69	29	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Higher self-esteem; decreases in depression and mania symptoms, suicidal ideation, and anxiety; improving mental health in children and parents	6 months
Steinan et al. [106]	32.4	40	24	8 weekly individual sessions	Improvement in sleep quality; lower scores in mania and depression	6 months
West et al. [107]	9.15	69	28	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Reducing mania and depression symptoms; improvement in global functioning	6 months
Costa et al. [108]	41.5	41	27	14 weekly group sessions	Lower scores for mania (not statistically significant) and depression (statistically significant) as well as a reduction in the frequency and duration of mood episodes; significant improvement in mental health	6 months
González-Isasi et al. [109]	41.30	40	19	20 weekly individual sessions	Fewer hospitalizations corresponded to better progression, and higher self-esteem corresponded to better prognosis	6 months and 12 months
Parikh and Scott [110]	40.9	204	118	20 weekly individual sessions	Significantly lower scores in mania and depression	18 months
Gomes et al. [111]	38.5	50	27	18 weekly group sessions	Significant decreases in the number of depression and mania episodes, and managing mania symptoms	12 months
da Costa et al. [112]	40.5	37	25	14 weekly group sessions	Fewer symptoms of mania, depression, and anxiety, as well as fewer and shorter mood change episodes	6 months
West et al. [113]	9.45	26	11	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Significant improvement in mania symptoms; parents reported an increased ability to cope with their child’s illness	None
Zaretsky et al. [114]	40.7	79	46	14 weekly individual sessions	Lower levels of affective symptoms and higher psychosocial functioning; fifty percent fewer days of depressed mood over the course of one year	12 months
Reilly-Harrington et al. [115]	38.4	10	6	20 weekly individual sessions	Significant decreases in depressive mood; decreases in mania; significant decreases in anxiety	2 months
Scott et al. [116]	41	253	130	22 weekly individual sessions	Significant decreases in depression, mania, and hypomania	6 months, 12 months, and 18 months
Feeny et al. [117]	14	16	9	12 weekly individual sessions	Significantly lower scores in depression and mania	2 months
Pavuluri et al. [118]	11.33	34	10	12 weekly group child- and family-focused CBT	Significant reductions in ADHD, depression, mania, psychosis, aggression, and sleep disturbance; high levels of treatment integrity, adherence, and satisfaction	None
Patelis-Siotis et al. [119]	39.8	49	28	14 weekly group sessions	Lower scores in symptom severity, and significant improvement in mental health	None

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ADHD: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Declarations

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my colleagues and friends at “Amir Kabir Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled’’ in Kashan as well as “Social Welfare Department of the city of Kashan’’ for their intellectual assistance and thoughtful insights on an earlier draft of this paper.

Author contributions

BA: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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