Exploration of Neuroscience

Table 2. Traditional cognitive rehabilitation approaches.

Approach	Description	Primary objectives	Typical techniques/examples	Key references
Restorative interventions	Directly improve impaired cognitive processes through repeated practice and structured exercises	Strengthen attention, processing speed, working memory, executive function; promote neural reorganization	Attention Process Training, computerized cognitive exercises, structured memory programs	[18, 19, 100]
Compensatory strategies	Help individuals adapt to persistent deficits by using preserved abilities and environmental supports	Reduce functional impact of deficits; improve everyday functioning and independence	External aids (notebooks, electronic reminders, smartphone apps), structured routines, environmental modifications; internal strategies (verbal rehearsal, chunking, visual imagery)	[101–104]
Metacognitive training	Improve self-awareness and regulation of cognitive and behavioral processes	Enhance self-monitoring, error detection, strategic problem solving; facilitate generalization to real-world tasks	Guided feedback, structured reflection on task performance, goal-management strategies	[98, 105]

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The table summarizes the three main traditional approaches to cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, the authors used AI-assisted graphical drafting tools (Gemini 3 Flash and ChatGPT-OpenAI) to generate Figures. After utilizing the tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

Author contributions

GV: Validation, Supervision, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. ST: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EA: Data curation, Investigation, Formal analysis. DT: Conceptualization, Investigation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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