From:  Type 2 diabetes in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Intertwined global health issues brewing on the horizon

 Diabetes and other select cardiometabolic conditions.

ConditionDescription
Type 2 diabetesA type of diabetes that develops due to rising insulin resistance, an inadequate compensatory increase in insulin production by pancreatic beta-cells, and eventual beta-cell dysfunction as the disease progresses, resulting in hyperglycemia [8, 9].
Type 1 diabetesA type of diabetes that occurs due to autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells, resulting in hyperglycemia [9].
PrediabetesA state preceding frank type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and elevated fasting blood glucose not meeting the formal criteria for diabetes [9].
Generalized obesityUsually measured by body mass index (BMI; weight divided by the height squared; kg/m2), defining the classifications overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), class I obesity (moderate; BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2), class II obesity (severe; BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2), and class III obesity (very severe/morbid; ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) although cutoffs are race/ethnicity-dependent [208].
Central obesityA measure of visceral adiposity, linked to cardiovascular risk, frequently measured by elevated waist circumference (≥ 88 cm in females, ≥ 102 cm in males, per the AHA/NHLBI Scientific Statement [209]) and waist-to-hip ratio [210]. Waist circumference cutoffs are sex- and race/ethnicity-dependent [211].
DyslipidemiaA state of blood lipids falling outside the normal range (elevated triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 50 mg/dL in females, < 40 mg/dL in males; per the AHA/NHLBI [209]).
HypertensionA state of raised systolic (≥ 130 mmHg) or diastolic (≥ 85 mmHg) pressure, per the AHA/NHLBI [209].
Metabolic syndromeA state of metabolic dysfunction spanning three or more out of the five criteria: (i) elevated waist circumference, (ii) elevated fasting glucose (> 100 mg/dL; or on relevant medication), (iii) elevated triglycerides (or on relevant medication), (iv) reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (or on relevant medication), (v) hypertension (or on relevant medication), per the AHA/NHLBI [209].
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AHA/NHLBI: American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.