Exploration of Neuroscience

Table 1. Classification and functional overview of PI3Ks.

Class	Catalytic isoforms	Regulatory subunits	Primary lipid product	Predominant expression	Key functions
Class I (IA & IB)	p110α (PIK3CA), p110β (PIK3CB), p110δ (PIK3CD), p110γ (PIK3CG)	IA: p85α/β, p55γ; IB: p101, p84	PIP3	α/β: ubiquitous; δ/γ: immune cells	Growth factor signaling, metabolism, survival, motility
Class II	PI3KC2α (PIK3C2A), PI3KC2β (PI3KC2B), PI3KC2γ (PI3KC2G)	None (monomeric)	PI(3)P, PI(3,4)P2	C2α/β: broad; C2γ: liver-enriched	Endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking, ciliogenesis
Class III	VPS34 (PIK3C3)	VPS15 (PIK3R4) + partners	PI(3)P	Ubiquitous	Autophagy initiation, endo/lysosomal trafficking, phagocytosis

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PI3Ks: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PI(3)P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PI(3,4)P2: phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate.

Declarations

Author contributions

MCB: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DMH: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. EK: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

Dirk M. Hermann, who is the Editor-in-Chief and Guest Editor of Exploration of Neuroscience; Ertugrul Kilic, who is the Associate Editor of Exploration of Neuroscience, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other author declares no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

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Funding

This work was supported by Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA; to EK). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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