EV-mediated mechanisms across neurological disorder categories.
| Disease category | Key EV cargo | Pathological mechanisms | Therapeutic applications | miRNA biomarkers | Key citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurodegenerative | Aβ, tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43 | Protein propagation, neuroinflammation | MSC-EVs, miRNA delivery | miR-132, miR-212 | [86–88] |
| Psychiatric | BDNF, inflammatory cytokines | Neuroplasticity disruption, HPA axis dysregulation | Antidepressant-modified EVs | miR-139-5p, miR-425-3p, miR-124-3p | [108–110] |
| Cerebrovascular | DAMPs, growth factors, hemoglobin products | BBB disruption, vasospasm, angiogenesis | Remote conditioning EVs, NPCs-EVs | miR-124, miR-126, miR-21, miR-210 | [113, 117, 132, 133] |
| Epilepsy | HMGB1, inflammatory mediators | Neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, seizure perpetuation | Anti-inflammatory EVs | miR-155, miR-146a, miR-134-3p | [119–121] |
| Brain tumors | Oncogenic proteins, PD-L1, TGF-β, MGMT | Tumor growth, immune evasion, chemoresistance | Drug-loaded EVs, liquid biopsy | miR-21, miR-10b | [122–126] |
Aβ: amyloid-β; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; miRNA: microRNA; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; PD-L1: programmed death ligand-1; TDP-43: TAR DNA-binding protein 43.
MAM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. MMH: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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