From:  Extracellular vesicles in neurological disorders: emerging roles and underlying molecular mechanisms

 Cell-type-specific EV characteristics and functions in the CNS.

Cell typeEV size rangeKey cargo componentsPrimary functionsKey citations
Neurons30–1,000 nmmiR-98, neurotransmitter-modulating proteins, synaptic plasticity regulatorsSynaptic plasticity regulation, microglial phagocytosis modulation, neuronal support signaling[35, 36]
Astrocytes30–1,000 nmApolipoprotein D, neurotransmitter transporters, and inflammatory mediatorsNeuronal survival support, oxidative stress protection, and BBB integrity modulation[39]
Microglia30–1,000 nmGAPDH, endocannabinoids, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid mediatorsSynaptic activity modulation, inflammatory signaling, and immune surveillance[40, 41]
Oligodendrocytes30–1,000 nmCatalase, superoxide dismutase, myelin proteins, metabolic enzymesAxonal support under stress, myelination regulation, metabolic support[37, 38]

This table summarizes the cell-type-specific characteristics and functions of EVs produced by different CNS cell types, highlighting their diverse roles in neural communication and homeostasis. BBB: blood-brain barrier; CNS: central nervous system; EV: extracellular vesicle; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.