From:  Bi-, tri-, and multi-specific T-cell engager therapies in glioblastoma: a decade of preclinical innovation

 Matrix heatmap summarizing whether included studies addressed the four key barriers to T-cell engager therapy in GBM.

StudyAntigen heterogeneityImmune escapeBBBTME
Choi et al. [25], 2025√××√
Zannikou et al. [24], 2025×√√√
Brosius et al. [16], 2024××√√
Park et al. [21], 2024√√×√
Baugh et al. [1], (2024×××√
Park et al. [22], 2023√√×√
Bhojnagarwala et al. [15], 2022××√√
Huynh et al. [28], 2022×√××
Yin et al. [11], 2022√××√
Li et al. [29], 2021××√√
Pituch et al. [18], 2021××√√
Arnone et al. [30], 2021×√√√
Gardell et al. [19], 2020××√√
Choi et al. [31], 2019√√√√
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Green and √ = barrier addressed; red and × = barrier not addressed. GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; BBB: blood-brain barrier; TME: tumor microenvironment.