Effects of EETD 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg administered orally (PO) and rivastigmine treatment (0.6 mg/kg, IP) on TNF-α and IL-6 in the hippocampus of mice submitted to STZ 2.5 mg/mL I.C.V. injection. Results are represented by mean ± SD, n = 10 per group. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 compared to vehicle group. ###P < 0.001 compared to sham group (animals that received no I.C.V. STZ administration). TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: interleukin-6; EETD: Tithonia diversifolia ethanol extract; STZ: streptozotocin.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank UNIVALI (Universidade do Vale do Itajaí) and Dankook University, Chungnam-Do for the support to the execution of this work. We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Vivian de Mello Cionek for her statistical support.
Author contributions
GMG: Conceptualization, Methodology. CAC and VCF: Writing—original draft. JGB, HIE, ACdS, MEV, AM, MSK, CHL, and SYP: Methodology. APD and MH: Writing—review & editing. MMdS: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Data curation, Software, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The present study was approved by the CEUA/UNIVALI (Animal Use Ethics Committee/Universidade do Vale do Itajaí) with the experimental protocols approved with opinion number 022/17.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Funding
This study was financially supported by funding agencies such as CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), and FAPESC (Santa Catarina Research Support Foundation) through the granting of master’s research scholarships to Graziella Martins Guimaraes [FAPESC-00000439/2024], Heloisa Immianovsky Eisendecker [CNPq-130633/2024], doctoral scholarships to Ana Caroline dos Santos [CAPES-206/2022], Ana Paula Dalmagro [CAPES/PROSUC-88887.147590/2017], Camila André Cazarin [CAPES/PROSUC-88887.647998/2021-00] and scientific productivity scholarship with bench fee to Angela Malheiros [CNPq-311059/2023-6], and Márcia Maria de Souza [CNPq-306355/2022-1]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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