Levels of cytokines in unexplained RSM, PE and pre-term delivery (PTD)

LocationIncreased levels (Ref number)Decreased levels (Ref number)
A. RSM
PBMCIL-2 [11, 12]IL-4 [1113]
IFN-γ [11, 12]IL-5 [1113]
TNF-α [1013]IL-10 [1012]
TNF-β [10]
PlacentaTh2 cells [15]
EndometriumIL-1β [16]IL-4 [16]
TNF-α [16]IL-10 [16]
TNF-β [16]
B. PE
PBMCIL-1β [27]IL-4 [31, 35]
IL-2 [28]IL-5 [32, 35]
IFN-γ [29, 35]IL-10 [3335]
TNF-α [30, 33]
PlacentaIL-1β [22]IL-10 [26]
IL-2 [23]
IL-18 [24]
IFN-γ [25]
TNF-α [26]
C. PTD
PBMCIL-2 [40]IL-10 [43]
IFN-γ [40]
SeraIL-1β [41, 43]IL-10 [43]
TNF-α [41]
PlacentaIL-12 [46]IL-4 [46]
IFN-γ [26]IL-10 [46]

PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells