Exploration of Immunology

From: Therapeutic and prophylactic applications of self-replicating RNA viruses

Table 1. Self-replicating RNA viruses and examples of preclinical studies on infectious diseases

Delivery method	Indication	Outcome	Reference
Recombinant particles
VSV-CHIKV-Env/ZIKV-ME	CHIKV	Protection against CHIKV in mice	[42]
VSV-CHIKV-Env/ZIKV-ME	ZIKV	Protection against CHIKV in mice	[42]
VEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	VEE	Full protection in mice & macaques	[43]
WEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	WEE	Protection in mice, partial protection in macaques	[43]
EEE-E2/E3 FCSdel	EEE	Full protection in mice	[43]
MV-CHIKV C/Env	CHIKV	Viremia protection in macaques	[44]
VSV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs & macaques	[45]
MV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in macaques	[46]
YFV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs	[47]
YFV-LASV-GPC	LHF	Failure to protect marmosets	[48]
VEE-LASV-GPC/LASV-N	LHF	Protection in guinea pigs	[49]
VEE-LASV-GPC	LHF	Protection in inbred CBA/J mice	[50]
VEE-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection in guinea pigs	[49]
KUN-EBOV-G D637L	EVD	Protection in 75% of primates	[51]
VSV-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection against EBOV-Makuna	[52]
VSV-EBOV-G	EVD	Protection against ZEBOV	[53]
VEE-DENV-E85	DF	Protection against DENV in mice	[54]
MV-DENV-ED3	DF	Partial protection in mice	[55]
MV-ZIKV-E (MV-E2)	ZIKV	Protection against lethal ZIKV in mice	[56]
MV-E2 + MV-NIS	ZIKV	ZIKV clearance from reproductive tract	[56]
MV-HIV-1 Gag gp160	HIV/AIDS	Strong cellular & humoral response	[57]
SFV-HIV Env	HIV/AIDS	Superior response to conDNA, recEnv	[58]
SFV-HIV-Env-Gag-Pol-RT	HIV/AIDS	Superior compared to RNA replicons	[59]
MV AIK-C IFVA-HA	Influenza	Protection in cotton rats	[60]
VSVΔG IFVA-HA/NA	Influenza	Protection in mice	[61]
VSV IFVA-HAfl	Influenza	100% protection after single dose	[62]
VEE IFVA-HA	Influenza	Protection against IFVA in chickens	[63]
SIN-E2S1-M2e	Influenza	100% protection in mice	[64]
CSFV-IFVA-HA + N	Influenza	Superior immunogenicity to replicon RNA	[65]
VEE-SARS-CoV S	SARS	Protection against SARS in mice	[67]
VSVΔG MERS-CoV S	MERS	Neutralizing Ab and T-cell responses	[68]
MV-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Th1-biased Ab and T-cell responses	[69]
VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Neutralizing Abs, protection in mice	[70]
VSVΔG-SARS-CoV-2 S	COVID-19	Protection in Syrian golden hamsters	[71]
SIN-SARS-CoV-2 S + αOX40	COVID-19	Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice	[72]
BVDV-PEDV S	PEDV	PEDV specific Abs, neutralization of PEDV	[73]
Attenuated virus
YFV (CYD-TDV)	DF	Good safety, no toxicity concerns	[74]
CHIKV-NoLS RNA-LNP	CHIKV	Local protection against CHIKV in mice	[75]
VEE-RABV-G	RABV	Protection against RABV in mice	[76]
RNA replicons
VEE-ZIKV-ME	ZIKV	Protection in mice with 10 ng RNA	[78]
SFV-HIV-Env-Gag-Pol-Rev	HIV/AIDS	Inferior compared to SFV particles	[59]
SFV-HIV Env	HIV/AIDS	Env-specific Abs in 80% of mice	[79]
VEE-HIV-1 gp140	HIV/AIDS	Improved RNA stability in mice	[80]
VEE-HIV-1 gp140	HIV/AIDS	Superior to VEE particles, rec Env	[81]
CSFV-IFVA-HA/N	Influenza	Inferior to CSFV particles	[65]
CSFV-IFVA-HA/N-PEI	Influenza	PEI formulation superior to naked RNA	[65]
SFV-IFVA HA	Influenza	Protection against IFVA in mice	[82]
SFV-IFVA-HA	RSV	Protection against RSV in mice	[82]
SFV-IFVA-HA	TBEV	Protection against TBEV in mice	[82]
VEE-IFVA-HA	Influenza	64x less RNA replicon than mRNA needed	[84]
VEE-SARS-CoV-2-LNPs	COVID-19	Dose-dependent Abs, SARS-CoV-2 neutralization	[12]
VEE (LUNAR-COV19)	COVID-19	Protection in ACE2 transgenic mice	[85]
Plasmid DNA replicons
VEE V4020	VEE	Protection against wildtype VEE in mice	[86]
VEE V4020	VEE	Protection against wildtype VEE in macaques	[87]
SFV-HIV Env/Gag-Pol-Nef	HIV/AIDS	Superior with MVA boost	[88]

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ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; αOX40: OX40 immunostimulatory Ab; CHIKV: chikungunya virus; CHIKV-Env: CHIKV E3-E2-6K-E1 Env polyprotein; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CYD-TDV: chimeric YFV-based tetravalent DENV vaccine; DF: dengue fever; EBOV: Ebola virus; ED3: DENV Env protein domain III; EEE: eastern equine encephalitis virus; EVD: EBOV disease; FCSdel: furin cleavage site deletion; GPC: glycoprotein complex; HAfl: full-length HA; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IFVA: influenza virus A; LASV: Lassa fever virus; LHF: Lassa hemorrhagic fever; M2e: M2 protein ectodomain; ME: membrane Env; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; NA: neuraminidase; NIS: sodium iodide symporter; NoLS: nucleolar localization signals; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PEI: polyethylenimine; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2: SARS-coronavirus-2; WEE: western equine encephalitis virus; ZEBOV: Zaire EBOV; ZIKV: Zika virus

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