From:  Tertiary lymphoid structures: protective mechanisms or potential pathogenic roles?

 Host immunostimulatory factors associated with TLS formation.

Immunostimulatory factorSpeciesFunctionReference
TNF-αMouseStromal cell activation and iBALT maintenance[75]
LTα and LTβMouseiBALT maintenance[66]
CXCL12MouseLymphocyte recruitment to developing iBALT[76]
CXCL13MouseLymphocyte recruitment to developing iBALT[77]
CCL19 and CCL21MouseLymphocyte recruitment to developing iBALT[77]
IL-17MouseInduces expression of CXCL13, CCL19 and CXCL13[78]
IL-22MouseActivation of fibroblasts[79]
IL-23MouseAction of T cells and ILCs[78]
IL-6MouseTh2 and Th17 activation[80]
OSMMouseB cell activation[70]

ILCs: innate lymphoid cells; OSM: oncostatin M; IL: interleukin; TLS: tertiary lymphoid structures.