Exploration of Immunology

Table 2. Anti-inflammatory effects of genistein.

Mechanism/Pathway	Inflammatory condition/model	Study type	References
NF-κB inhibition results in a reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β	Rheumatoid arthritis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages	In vitro, in vivo	[1, 2]
MAPK pathway suppression (ERK, JNK, p38)	Colitis, LPS-induced inflammation	In vitro, in vivo	[1, 6]
JAK/STAT signalling modulation	Autoimmune disorders, cancer-related inflammation	In vitro	[59]
COX-2 and iNOS downregulation results in a reduction of prostaglandin and NO	Osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease	In vitro, in vivo	[2, 14]
Inhibition of TLR4 signalling results in a reduction in MyD88/NF-κB pathway activation	Sepsis, LPS-challenged models	In vitro, in vivo	[61]
Antioxidant-mediated inflammation reduction (ROS scavenging, Nrf2 activation)	Neuroinflammation, cardiovascular inflammation	In vitro, in vivo	[1, 12]
Modulation of inflammasome activation (NLRP3)	Liver inflammation, metabolic syndrome	In vitro	[62]

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COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the use of OpenAI’s ChatGPT as an assistive tool for English language improvement and for conceptual support in preparing schematic figure layouts. All scientific content, interpretations, and final figures were critically reviewed, edited, and approved by the authors.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, for encouraging the study and for providing infrastructural and administrative support. The authors are also thankful to the South African Technology Innovation Agency for providing time, resources, and infrastructure to do this publication.

Author contributions

ST: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MGM: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Both authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

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Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

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Funding

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