Exploration of Immunology

Table 3. Interaction between sexual chromosomes and oestradiol in the regulation of memory B cells [57].

Sexual chromosomes	Oestrogen levels	Population	Frequency of memory B cells class-switched	Immunological effect
XX	High	Post-puberty and pre-menopausal cisgender women	Higher	Enhancement of humoral immune memory
XX	High	Postmenopausal cisgender women on HRT	Higher	Restoring memory compartment B
XY	High	Transgender women (XY) on oestrogen therapy	Not significantly increased	Oestrogen is insufficient in the absence of a double X chromosome.
XX	Low	Pre-puberty and post-menopausal cisgender women	Lower	Reduction in immune memory
XX	Low	Transgender men (XX) with pubertal blockers ± testosterone	Lower	Oestrogen dependence in the XX context
XY	Low	Pre- or post-puberty cisgender men	Lower	The immune profile is less oriented towards an antibody response
XY	Low	Transgender women (XY) with puberty blockers	Lower	Absence of effective oestrogenic stimulation

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HRT: hormone replacement therapy.

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Author contributions

AC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GA: Writing—review & editing. AA: Writing—review & editing. RZ: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Giuseppina Candore, who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Immunology, had no involvement in the decision-making or review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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