From:  Postbiotics as promising oral vaccine adjuvants

 Immunomodulatory effects of cell-free supernatant (postbiotics) derived from probiotic strains.

Probiotic strainDerived postbioticsType of studyImmunomodulation mechanismReferences
BifidobacteriumPeptides & proteinesIn-vitro↑TNF-α, ↓IL-10[125]
Lactobacillus plantarumPeptides & proteinesIn-vitro↑IL-10, ↓IL-12[126, 127]
Bifidobacterium longumPeptides & proteinesIn-silico↑Th17, Th22 responses[128]
Bacteroides fragilisPeptides & proteinesIn-silico↑Th17, Th22 responses[128]
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisExopolysaccharidesEx-vivo↑IL10[129]
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisExopolysaccharidesIn-vivo↑Treg response[130]
Lactobacillus reuteriExopolysaccharidesIn-vitroAnti-inflammatory[131]
Bifidobacterium adolescentisExopolysaccharidesIn-vitro/In-vivoTreg/Th17 response modulation[132]
Bifidobacterium longumExopolysaccharidesIn-vivoInflammatory cytokine modulation, mucosal barrier reinforcement[133]
Bifidobacterium bifidumCell wall extractIn-vitroTreg differentiation[134]
Lactobacillus plantarumCell wall extractIn-vitroImmunostimulatory[135]
Lactobacillus plantarumTeichoic acidsIn-vitro/In-vivoIL10 production modulation[136]
Lactobacillus plantarumLipoteichoic acidsIn-vitroSuppression of LPS-mediated inflammation[137]
Lactobacillus rhamnosusLipoteichoic acidsIn-vitroProinflammatory, TLR-2/6 ligand[138]
Lactobacillus rhamnosusLipoteichoic acidsIn-vitro/In-vivoRadiotherapy protection[139]
Lactobacillus paracaseiLipoteichoic acidsIn-vivo↓Leaky gut and inflammation[140]

↑: increased; ↓: decreased; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.