Exploration of Immunology

Table 1. Immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria.

LAB Strain	Type of study	Immunomodulation mechanism	References
L. casei	In-vitro	↑IL-10 and TGF-β	[74]
L. crispatus	In-vitro	↑IL-10 and TGF-β	[75]
L. rhamnosus GG	In-vitro	↓INF-γ	[76]
L. casei	Ex-vivo	↓IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8	[77]
L. reuteri LMG	In-vitro	↑TLR2 expression and IL-10	[78]
L. rhamnosus B. longum B. lactic	In-vitro	↑IL-10 ↓IL-1β and IL-6	[79]
L. bulgaricus ‏S. thermophilus	RCT	↑serum IFN-γ	[80]
L. bulgaricus ‏S. thermophilus	RCT	↑CD4‏/CD8‏ ratio ↑IFN-γ production	[81]
B. lactis L. rhamnosus	RCT	↑Phagocytic activity ↑NK cell activity	[82, 83]
L. acidophilus	In-vivo	↑IL-17, IL-23, TGFβ1 and TNF-α	[84]
L. reuteri	In-vivo	↑IL-1β, IL-6	[85]
L. rhamnosus	In-vivo	↑IL-10/TNF-α ratio	[86]
B. breve L. acidophilus L. casei S. thermophilus	In-vivo	↓IL-6 and TNF-α	[87]
L. acidophilus	In-vivo	↑Treg and IL-10 ↓IL-17	[88]
L. fermentum	In-vivo	↑IL-10 ↓TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12	[89]
L. plantarum	In-vivo	↓TNF-α and IL-6	[90]
L. plantarum	In-vivo	↓IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ	[91]
E. durans	In-vivo	↑Treg and IL-10	[92]

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↑: increased; ↓: decreased; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; NK: natural killer.

Declarations

Author contributions

JH, SV, and AAS: Investigation, Validation. RAS: Writing—original draft. AHR: Methodology, Supervision. SA and PGM: Writing—review & editing. MZ and NK: Visualization. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

Since the present study is a review study and no animal or clinical studies have been conducted, this issue is not covered in the current study. However, all ethical considerations regarding the design and publication of this research have been observed, and its ethics code is IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1401.108.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The research protocol was approved and supported by the Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences [Grant number 69635]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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