Exploration of Immunology

Table 2. Drug development pipeline for IBD: antibody therapies*.

MoA	Drug name	Indication	RoA	Highest clinical stage	Clinical trials
Anti-TL1A	RO7790121 (afimkibart, PF-06480605, RVT-3101)	UC, CD	IV, SC	UC: two Ph3 recruiting CD: two Ph3 recruiting	NCT06588855; NCT06589986; NCT06819891; NCT06819878
Anti-TL1A	Tulisokibart (MK-7240, PRA023)	UC, CD	IV, SC	UC: two Ph3 recruiting CD: two Ph3 recruiting	NCT06052059; NCT06430801; NCT06651281 (joint for UC and CD)
Anti-TL1A	Duvakitug (TEV-48574)	UC, CD	SC	UC, CD: Ph2 completed	NCT05499130; NCT05668013 (ongoing)
IL-1α/β	Lutikizumab (ABT-981)	UC, CD	IV, SC	UC: Ph2 ongoing CD: Ph2 recruiting	NCT06257875; NCT06548542
Anti-α4β7	Abrilumab (AMG 181, MEDI7183)	UC, CD	SC	UC: Ph2 completed CD: Ph2 completed	NCT01959165; NCT01694485; NCT01696396
Anti-α4β7	ABBV-382	CD	IV, SC	Ph2 recruiting	NCT06548542
Anti-OSMRβ	Vixarelimab (RG6536)	UC	SC	Ph2 terminated Ph1/2 recruiting	NCT06137183; NCT06693908
MAdCAM-1	Ontamalimab (PF-00547659)	UC, CD	SC	UC: Ph3 completed or terminated CD: Ph3 completed or terminated	NCT03290781; NCT03283085; NCT03627091; NCT03566823; NCT03259308; NCT03259334
Anti-CCR9	AZD7798	CD	SC, IV	Two Ph2 recruiting	NCT06681324; NCT06450197
IL-36R	Spesolimab (BI655130)	UC, CD	IV	UC: Ph2/3 completed CD: Ph2 completed	NCT03482635; NCT03752970
PSGL-1 agonist	ALTB-268	UC	SC	Ph2 recruiting	NCT06109441
Anti-IL-4Rα	Dupilumab	UC	SC	Ph2 recruiting	NCT05731128
CXCR1/2 blockade	Eltrekibart (LY3041658)	UC	SC	Ph2 recruiting	NCT06598943
IL-2 blockade	Aldesleukin	CD	SC	Ph1/2 recruiting	NCT04263831
TNFRII-Fc	OPRX-106	UC	PO	Ph2 unknown	NCT02768974
gp130Fc (IL-6 trans)	Olamkicept (TJ301)	UC	IV	Ph2 completed	NCT03235752

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*: The search on ClinicalTrials.gov was completed by July 1st, 2025. IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; MoA: mechanism of action; RoA: route of administration; TL1A: tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A; UC: ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; IV: intravenous; SC: subcutaneous; IL: interleukin; OSMR: oncostatin M receptor; MAdCAM-1: mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1; CCR9: C-C chemokine receptor 9; IL-36R: IL-36 receptor; PSGL-1: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; CXCR1/2: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1/2; TNFRII-Fc: tumor necrosis factor receptor II fused to the Fc region of IgG1; PO: oral administration.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We extend our sincere appreciation to Dr. Haifeng Tang for his careful review of the manuscript and expert insights into the chemical aspects discussed herein. We are thankful to Dr. Dafydd Thomas for his careful proofreading of our manuscript.

Author contributions

YZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FS: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Authors YZ and FS, and HT and DT mentioned in the Acknowledgments section are full-time employees of QuantX Biosciences Inc.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets for this study can be found in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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