Exploration of Immunology

Table 1. Selected landmark clinical trials of FDA-approved targeted drugs for IBD.

Class	Agent	Indication	Study	Patients	Treatment	Primary outcome^&,#	Ref
Anti-TNFα	Infliximab	CD	ACCENT I	573	IFX vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 30: 39% IFX vs. 21% placebo (P = 0.003) Median time to loss of response at Week 54: 38W IFX vs. 19W placebo (P = 0.002)	[99]
		CD fistulizing	ACCENT II	306	IFX vs. placebo	Median time to loss of response at Week 14: > 40W IFX vs. 14W placebo (P < 0.001)	[100]
		UC	ACT 1	364	IFX vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 8: 69% IFX vs. 37% placebo (P < 0.001)	[101]
		UC	ACT 2	364	IFX vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 8: 64% IFX vs. 29% placebo (P < 0.001)	[101]
	Adalimumab	CD	CLASSIC I	299	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 4: 36% ADA vs. 12% placebo (P = 0.001)	[102]
		CD	CLASSIC II	276	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 56: 79% ADA vs. 44% placebo (P < 0.05)	[103]
		CD	CHARM	854	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Weeks 26 or 56, ADA (80/40 mg Week 0/2, 40 mg Q2W) vs. placebo: 40% vs. 17% (P < 0.001) or 36% vs. 12% (P < 0.001)	[104]
		CD	GAIN	325	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 4: 21% ADA vs. 7% placebo (P < 0.001)	[105]
		CD	EXTEND	135	ADA vs. placebo	Mucosal healing at Week 52, ADA vs. placebo: 24% vs. 0% (P < 0.001) Clinical remission at Week 52, ADA vs. placebo: 28% vs. 3% (P < 0.001)	[106]
		CD	ADAFI	76	ADA vs. ADA + ciprofloxacin	Fistulas 50% reduction at Week 12: 47% ADA vs. 71% ADA + ciprofloxacin (P = 0.047)	[107]
		UC	ULTRA 1	576	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 18.5% ADA vs. 9.2% placebo (P = 0.031)	[108]
		UC	ULTRA 2	494	ADA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 16.5% ADA vs. 9.3% placebo (P = 0.019) Clinical remission at Week 52: 17.3% ADA vs. 8.5% placebo (P = 0.004)	[109]
	Certolizumab pegol	CD	PRECISE 1	662	CZP vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 6: 35% CZP vs. 27% placebo (P = 0.02) Clinical response at both Weeks 6 and 26: 23% CZP vs. 16% placebo (P = 0.02)	[110]
	Certolizumab pegol	CD	PRECISE 2	668	CZP vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 26: 62% CZP vs. 34% placebo (P < 0.001)	[111]
	Golimumab	UC	PURSUIT-SC induction	1,064	GLM vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 6: 51.0% GLM vs. 30.3% placebo (P < 0.0001)	[112]
	Golimumab	UC	PURSUIT-Maintenance	464	GLM vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 54: 49.7% GLM vs. 31.2% placebo (P < 0.001)	[113]
Anti-integrin	Natalizumab	CD	ENACT-1	905	NTZ vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 10: 56% NTZ vs. 49% placebo (P = 0.05)	[114]
		CD	ENACT-2	339	NTZ vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 36: 61% NTZ vs. 28% placebo (P < 0.001)	[114]
		CD	ENCORE	509	NTZ vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 8 sustained through Week 12: 48% NTZ vs. 32% placebo (P < 0.001)	[115]
	Vedolizumab	UC	GEMINI 1	895	VDZ vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 6: 47.1% VDZ vs. 25.5% placebo (P < 0.001) Clinical remission at Week 52: 41.8% VDZ vs. 15.9% placebo (P < 0.001)	[116]
		CD	GEMINI 2	1,115	VDZ vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 6: 14.5% VDZ vs. 6.8% placebo (P = 0.02) CDAI-100 response at Week 6: 31.4% VDZ vs. 25.7% placebo (P = 0.23) Clinical remission at Week 52: 39.0% VDZ vs. 21.6% placebo (P < 0.001)	[117]
		CD	GEMINI 3	315	VDZ vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 6: 15.2% VDZ vs. 12.1% placebo (P = 0.433)	[118]
		CD	VISIBLE 2	410	VDZ vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 48.0% VDZ vs. 34.3% placebo (P = 0.008)	[119]
		UC	VARSITY	769	VDZ vs. ADA	Clinical remission at Week 52: 31.3% VDZ vs. 22.5% ADA (P = 0.006) Endoscopic improvement at Week 52: 39.7% VDZ vs. 27.7% ADA (P < 0.001)	[120]
		UC	VISIBLE 1	216	VDZ vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 46.2% VDZ vs. 14.3% placebo (P < 0.001)	[121]
Anti-IL-12/23 (p40)	Ustekinumab	CD	UNITI-1	741	UST vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 6: 33.7% UST vs. 21.5% placebo (P ≤ 0.003) (intolerance or inadequate response to TNF blockade)	[122]
		CD	UNITI-2	628	UST vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 6: 55.5% UST vs. 28.7% placebo (P < 0.001) (intolerance or inadequate response to conventional therapy)	[122]
		CD	IM-UNITI	397	UST vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 44: 53.1% UST vs. 35.9% placebo (P = 0.005)	[123]
		UC	UNIFI	961	UST vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 15.5% UST vs. 5.3% placebo (P < 0.001) Clinical remission at Week 44: 43.8% UST vs. 24.0% placebo (P < 0.001)	[124]
Anti-IL-23 (p19)	Risankizumab	CD	ADVANCE	931	RZB vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 42% RZB vs. 25% placebo (P ≤ 0.0001) Endoscopic response at Week 12: 32% RZB vs. 12% placebo (P ≤ 0.0001) (intolerance or inadequate response to approved biologics or conventional therapy)	[125]
		CD	MOTIVATE	618	RZB vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 40% RZB vs. 20% placebo (P ≤ 0.0001) Endoscopic response at Week 12: 34% RZB vs. 11% placebo (P ≤ 0.0001) (intolerance or inadequate response to approved biologics)	[125]
		CD	FORTIFY	542	RZB vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 52% RZB vs. 41% placebo, ∆15% [95% CI 5–24] Endoscopic response 47% RZB vs. 22% placebo, ∆28% [95% CI 19–37]	[126]
		UC	INSPIRE	975	RZB vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 20.3% RZB vs. 6.2% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic improvement at Week 12: 36.5% vs. 12.1% placebo (P < 0.001)	[127]
		UC	COMMAND	548	RZB vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 40.2% (RZB 180 mg SC), 37.6% (RZB 360 mg SC) vs. 25.1% placebo (both P < 0.001)	[127]
		CD	SEQUENCE	527	RZB vs. UST	Clinical remission at Week 24: 58.6% RZB vs. 39.5% UST Endoscopic remission at Week 48: 31.8% RZB vs. 16.2% UST (P < 0.001)	[128]
	Mirikizumab	CD	CD-1	679	MIRI vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 53% MIRI vs. 36% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic response at Week 52: 46% MIRI vs. 23% placebo (P < 0.001)	[129]
		UC	LUCENT-1	1,162	MIRI vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 24.2% MIRI vs. 13.3% placebo (P < 0.001)	[130]
		UC	LUCENT-2	1,073	MIRI vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 49.9% MIRI vs. 25.1% placebo (P < 0.001)	[130]
	Guselkumab	CD	GRAVITI	340	GUS vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 56% GUS vs. 22% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic response at Week 12: 34% GUS vs. 15% placebo (P < 0.001) Deep remission (clinical and endoscopic remission) at Week 48: 26% (GUS 100 mg Q8W), 35% (GUS 200 mg Q4W) vs. 4% placebo (pre-specified)	[131]
		CD	GALAXI-2	508	GUS vs. placebo or UST	Clinical response at Week 12 and clinical remission at Week 48: 55% (GUS 200 mg), 49% (GUS 100 mg) vs. 12% placebo (both P < 0.0001) Clinical response at Week 12 and endoscopic response at Week 48: 38% (GUS 200 mg), 39% (GUS 100 mg) vs. 5% placebo (both P < 0.0001)	[132]
		CD	GALAXI-3	513	GUS vs. placebo or UST	Clinical response at Week 12 and clinical remission at Week 48: 48% (GUS 200 mg), 47% (GUS 100 mg) vs. 13% placebo (both P < 0.0001) Clinical response at Week 12 and endoscopic response at Week 48: 36% (GUS 200 mg), 34% (GUS 100 mg) vs. 6% placebo (both P < 0.0001)	[132]
		UC	ASTRO	418	GUS vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 27.6% GUS vs. 6.5% placebo (P < 0.001) Clinical response at Week 12: 65.6% GUS vs. 34.5% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic improvement at Week 12: 37.3% GUS vs. 12.9% placebo (P < 0.001)	[133]
		UC	QUASAR	701	GUS vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 22.6% GUS vs. 7.9% placebo (P < 0.001)	[134]
JAKi	Tofacitinib	UC	OCTAVE Induction 1	598	TOF vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 18.5% TOF vs. 8.2% placebo (P = 0.007) (intolerance or inadequate response to conventional therapy)	[135]
	Tofacitinib	UC	OCTAVE Induction 2	541	TOF vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 16.6% TOF vs. 3.6% placebo (P < 0.001) (intolerance or inadequate response to TNF blockade)	[135, 136]
	Upadacitinib	CD	U-EXCEL	526	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 49.5% UPA vs. 29.1% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic response at Week 12: 45.5% UPA vs. 13.1% placebo (P < 0.001)	[137]
		CD	U-EXCEED	495	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 38.9% UPA vs. 21.1% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic response at Week 12: 34.6% UPA vs. 3.5% placebo (P < 0.001)	[137]
		CD	U-ENDURE	502	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 47.6% (UPA 30 mg), 37.3% (UPA 15 mg) vs. 15.1% placebo (P < 0.001) Endoscopic response at Week 52: 40.1% (UPA 30 mg), 27.6% (UPA 15 mg) vs. 7.3% placebo (both P < 0.001)	[137, 138]
		UC	U-ACHIEVE induction	474	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 26% UPA vs. 5% placebo (P < 0.0001)	[139]
		UC	U-ACHIEVE maintenance	451	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 52% (UPA 30 mg), 42% (UPA 15 mg) vs. 12% placebo (P < 0.0001)	[139]
		UC	U-ACCOMPLISH	522	UPA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 8: 34% UPA vs. 4% placebo (P < 0.0001)	[139]
S1PR modulator	Ozanimod	UC	J-TRUE NORTH	198	OZA vs. placebo	Clinical response at Week 12: 61.5% OZA vs. 32.3% placebo (P = 0.0006)	[140]
	Ozanimod	UC	TRUE NORTH	1,012	OZA vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 10: 18.4% OZA vs. 6.0% placebo (P < 0.001) Clinical remission at Week 52: 37.0% OZA vs. 18.5% placebo (P < 0.001)	[141]
	Etrasimod	UC	ELEVATE UC 12	354	ETR vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 12: 25% ETR vs. 15% placebo (P = 0.026)	[142]
	Etrasimod	UC	ELEVATE UC 52	433	ETR vs. placebo	Clinical remission at Week 52: 32% ETR vs. 7% placebo (P < 0.0001)	[142]

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&: Primary clinical outcomes observed at FDA-approved doses and administration, or as otherwise indicated; #: clinical remission defined as Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score < 150, or total score of ≤ 2 on the Mayo scale and no subscore > 1 on any of the four Mayo scale components; or as a stool frequency score < 1 and not higher than baseline, rectal bleeding score of 0, and endoscopic subscore < 1 without friability. Clinical response defined as a reduction from baseline in the complete Mayo score of ≥ 3 points and ≥ 30%, and a reduction from baseline in the rectal bleeding subscore (RBS) of ≥ 1 point or an absolute RBS of ≤ 1 point. Mucosal healing defined as an absolute subscore for endoscopy of 0 or 1. Endoscopic response defined as > 50% improvement from baseline in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) score. Endoscopic remission defined as SES-CD ≤ 4 and a ≥ 2-point reduction from baseline and no subscore greater than 1 in any individual component. Endoscopic improvement defined as subscore of 0 to 1 on the Mayo endoscopic component; ∆: difference between the treatment group and the placebo group. IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; CD: Crohn’s disease; IFX: infliximab; UC: ulcerative colitis; ADA: adalimumab; CZP: certolizumab pegol; GLM: golimumab; NTZ: natalizumab; VDZ: vedolizumab; IL: interleukin; UST: ustekinumab; RZB: risankizumab; SC: subcutaneous; MIRI: mirikizumab; GUS: guselkumab; JAKi: Janus kinase inhibitor; TOF: tofacitinib; UPA: upadacitinib; S1PR: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; OZA: ozanimod; ETR: etrasimod.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We extend our sincere appreciation to Dr. Haifeng Tang for his careful review of the manuscript and expert insights into the chemical aspects discussed herein. We are thankful to Dr. Dafydd Thomas for his careful proofreading of our manuscript.

Author contributions

YZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FS: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Authors YZ and FS, and HT and DT mentioned in the Acknowledgments section are full-time employees of QuantX Biosciences Inc.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets for this study can be found in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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