Impact of HLA-KIR combinations on HBV and HCV outcomes: a global perspective.
| References | Year | Population | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lu et al. [95] | 2008 | CHB Chinese patients | Lower and higher frequencies of A and B haplotypes in patients with HBV, respectively |
| Gao et al. [98] | 2010 | HBV Chinese patients | The homozygosity of KIR2DL3/HLA-C1 has a protective role against HBV |
| Pan et al. [100] | 2011 | HBV Chinese patients | Increased risk of developing HCC following viral hepatitis through homozygous genotype for HLA-C group 1, HLA-Bw480I, and a combined pattern of KIR2DS4/1D |
| Moralès et al. [99] | 2012 | - | HLA-Bw480I allele inhibits NK cells more effectively than HLA-Bw480T via stronger binding affinity for KIR3DL1 |
| De Re et al. [108] | 2015 | CHC Italian patients | The KIR2DS3 gene is related to the progression of HCV-related liver disease |
| Buchanan et al. [114] | 2015 | -- | KIR2DS3 promotes chronic infection and rapid progression |
| Di Bona et al. [103] | 2017 | CHB Italian patients | KIR2DL3 is protective in controlling HBV infection |
| Shah-Hosseini et al. [105] | 2017 | HBV Iranian patients | Recovered individuals had higher frequencies of KIR2DL5A, KIR2DS1, KIR3DS1 alleles, and specific KIR3DS1 genotypes |
| Yindom et al. [117] | 2017 | Gambian HCC and Cirrhosis patients | Patients with HBV carrying the KIR3DS1 allele are HBe antigen-positive and exhibit high viral loads |
| Li et al. [116] | 2017 | CHB Chinese patients | A direct relationship between the KIR3DS1/HLA-BBw4-80Ile gene combination and favorable response to IFN-α therapy |
| Podhorzer et al. [115] | 2017 | Argentine HCV cohorts | NK receptor alterations accompany KIR2DS3 positivity |
| Zhuang et al. [113] | 2018 | Chinese HBeAg-positive cohorts | KIR2DS3 carriage reduced entecavir response; impaired NK activation reduces antiviral efficacy |
| Djigma et al. [121] | 2020 | West African Cohort (Burkina Faso) | A and B KIR haplotypes were associated with protection against HBV chronic infection evolution to cirrhosis and/or HCC |
| Auer et al. [106] | 2020 | HBV Vietnamese patients | KIR2DS4 allele is linked to chronic infection, whereas the combinations KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 and KIR2DL3/HLA-C1 lower the risk of CHB |
| Ursu et al. [96] | 2020 | CHC Romanian patients | Associations between the KIR2DL3, KIR2DL5, KIR3DL3, KIR2DP1, KIR3DP1, and KIR2DS4 norm allele and an increased genetic predisposition to CHC |
| Joshita et al. [102] | 2021 | HBV Japanese patients | A direct association between the presence of the KIR2DS3 allele and HBV-related HCC |
| Varbanova et al. [104] | 2021 | HBV Bulgarian patients | A direct association between the presence of the KIR3DL1*004 allele and the development of CHB |
| Umemura et al. [109] | 2021 | HCV cirrhotic Japanese patients | KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 combination correlates with the progression of disease to HCC |
| Ursu et al. [31] | 2021 | CHC Romanian patients | Elevated AST, ALT, and GGT levels in patients with the KIR2DL2/KIR2DL2-C1C1 genotype |
| Legaz et al. [101] | 2024 | Spanish man with alcoholic cirrhosis | The KIR2DL2/C2C2 combination plays a role in determining the genetic susceptibility of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis to viral hepatitis infections |
| Ryan et al. [110] | 2024 | HCV American patients | KIR2DL1/HLA-C2 and KIR3DL1/Bw4 combinations are associated with an increased risk of HCC |
| Martín-Sierra et al. [122] | 2024 | HCV Spanish patients | No association found between HLA-KIR combinations and seroconversion following virus exposure in patients with HCV |
ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transferase; CHB: chronic hepatitis B; CHC: chronic hepatitis C; HBeAg: hepatitis B e antigen; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; IFN: interferon; KIR: killer immunoglobulin-like receptor; NK: natural killer; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.
AS and AMZ: Investigation, Writing—original draft. AS and TK: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. GS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The research protocol was approved and supported by the Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences [Grant No: 76511]. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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