From:  Immune evasion mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies of PD-L1 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an umbrella review

 Results of studies that analyzed the association between HPV and PD-L1.

StudyStudy focusKey findingsInference
He et al. [12]Association between PD-L1 expression and HPVPD-L1 positivity was 44.8% in HPV-negative and 56.7% in HPV-positive patients, RR = 1.30 (95% CI: 1.04–1.62, p = 0.019), and higher PD-L1 positivity in Asian HPV-positive patients (RR = 1.22, p = 0.027).HPV infection is significantly associated with higher PD-L1 expression, especially in Asians.
Yang et al. [13]Predictive significance of PD-L1 in HPV-positive HNSCCHigher PD-L1 expression in HPV-positive cases (OR = 1.99, p < 0.001), but no significant effect on OS (HR = 1.04, p = 0.88).PD-L1 expression is elevated in HPV+ HNSCC but not linked to improved survival.
Patel et al. [16]Survival rates of HPV-positive vs HPV-negativeSimilar OS at 6, 12, and 18 months between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups, PD-L1+ (≥ 1%) patients had slightly longer median PFS (3.34 months).No significant OS difference by HPV status; PD-L1+ may be associated with a modest improvement in PFS.
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Displaying the association between HPV and PD-L1 expression. HPV: human papilloma virus; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; RR: relative risk; CI: confidence interval; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; OR: odds ratio; OS: overall survival; HR: hazard ratio; PFS: progression-free survival.