From:  Immune evasion mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies of PD-L1 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an umbrella review

 Results of the association between tumor staging, grading, and PD-L1 expression.

StudyClinical characteristics evaluatedKey findingsStability and additional insights
He et al. [12]Histological differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and racePoor/moderate differentiation is linked to higher PD-L1 expression. Strong correlation with TNM stage, distant metastasis, and lymph node metastasis.Subgroup analysis showed differences in PD-L1 expression based on race.
Tang et al. [14]Age, grade, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, recurrenceNo significant correlation with age, grade, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, or recurrence. In OSCC, lower-grade malignancies showed increased PD-L1 expression.N/A
Lenouvel et al. [15]Age groups, tumor grade, T status, tumor risk, M status, lymph node involvement, cancer stageNo significant correlation with age, grade, T status, tumor risk, or M status. Significant correlation with advanced cancer stage when small studies were excluded.High heterogeneity noted; leave-one-out sensitivity analysis confirmed findings.
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Displaying the association between tumor staging, grading, and PD-L1 expression. PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; TNM: tumor node metastasis; OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma.