Exploration of Immunology

Table 5. Advances in TIL manufacturing.

Stage	Innovation	Impact
TIL isolation	Enzymatic digestion and enrichment	Higher yield of tumor-specific TILs
Ex vivo expansion	Cytokine combinations (IL-15, IL-21)	Development of stem-like TILs with enhanced persistence
Genetic modification	CRISPR-Cas9 editing	Knockout of inhibitory receptors to boost efficacy
Epigenetic reprogramming	HDAC inhibitors	Expansion of memory-like TILs with improved functionality
Automation	Closed automated systems	Reduced labor costs and contamination risks
Bioreactor technology	Perfusion-based culture systems	Scalable production with real-time monitoring

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TIL: tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank Saveetha University and our respective guides and co-guides for their continued support and feedback during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author contributions

CK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. RV: Methodology, Writing—review & editing. AS: Writing—review & editing. VVP: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All the data discussed is publicly available from cited repositories, such as GEO and TCGA.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial entity, or not-for-profit organization. The authors declare that they did not receive any financial support for the preparation of this article.

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