Exploration of Immunology

Table 3. Key genetic and epigenetic targets in TIL reprogramming.

Category	Target	Effect
Genetic engineering	PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3	Knockout reverses exhaustion, enhances effector functions
Genetic engineering	IL-2R, IL-7R	Overexpression improves proliferation and persistence
Genetic engineering	CAR integration	Enhances antigen specificity and bypasses MHC restrictions
Epigenetic reprogramming	HDACs, DNMTs	Modulation restores effector gene accessibility, reverses exhaustion
Epigenetic reprogramming	Memory-associated genes	Enhances persistence and memory-like phenotypes

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TIL: tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; MHC: major histocompatibility complex.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank Saveetha University and our respective guides and co-guides for their continued support and feedback during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author contributions

CK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Visualization, Writing—original draft. RV: Methodology, Writing—review & editing. AS: Writing—review & editing. VVP: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All the data discussed is publicly available from cited repositories, such as GEO and TCGA.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial entity, or not-for-profit organization. The authors declare that they did not receive any financial support for the preparation of this article.

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